Abc-Clio - Continental System Essay Example for Free

Abc-Clio Continental System EssayContinental SystemOne of Europes around storied leaders, cat sleep I is remembered for his dramatic victories as the leader of France, conquering large swathes of Europe until his ultimate downfall following the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Despite his military prowess, forty winks was n forever equal to conquer the join Kingdom, his archrival to the north. As Europes roughly successful economical power and the rural area with the most powerful navy in the world, Britain relied on its softwood with foreign nations to fuel its own economy. In an effort to chthonianmine his rival, Napoleon initiated the Continental System, a wide-ranging system of tariffs and embargoes against Britain. The Continental System ultimately had a far more negative impact on France, however, much to the chagrin of its illustrious emperor butterfly.Origins of the Continental SystemHostilities between France and Britain had boiled for many centuries, provided t he french Revolution, with its antimonarchical republican values and extreme violence, initiated a stark naked low in relations between those two nations. Fearful of republican ideology spreading to its shores, Britain was staunchly opposed to the cut Revolution from its inception, and as the cut Army began its conquest of Europe, the island nation sought allies in its struggle against France.By 1799, Napoleon had utilise the sup porthole of the military to overthrow the French Directory and effectively take full control of the nation the French coup dtat of 1799 established the French Consulate as the new government of France, with Napoleon assuming the ultimate executive position of first consul. Meanwhile, French armies successfully conquered the Papal States, Sardinia-Piedmont, and Switzerland, and even occupied blow Egypt for three years.Such conservative forces on the European continent as Austria and Russia shared Britains fears and quaked at the thought of French inva sion. They knew that the French would not only mystify occupying armies to their lands, but also displace their monarchies and establish republics, and that was something the ruling elite could not accept. With a successful general like Napoleon now at the direct of the government, the issue appeared more urgent than ever before.To counteract the threat of French invasion, monarchies across Europe banded together in a series of coalitions. In 1798, Austria, Britain, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Russia formed the Second Coalition, but their infighting prevented any effective concerted breakment to stop the French war machine. By 1805, France had firm established itself as an imperial power, having gained control over large portions of the Continent. In response, Britain and Russia, later joined by Austria and Sweden, formed the Third Coalition. This was a crucial move for the British Napoleon had begun to amass troops in Boulogneon the northe rn coast of Francein 1803 in preparation for invading Britain. The powerful British over-embellished Navy was able to prevent French invasion through a blockade, however, and with the decisive British naval victory at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805, Napoleon realized he would not be able to launch a successful land invasion of Britain.A New StrategyDefeated, but not demoralized, Napoleon plotted a new way to attack the British. If he could not take them on militarily, the French emperor (Napoleon had proclaimed himself emperor of the First French Empire in May 1804) determined to attack their economy. Calling the British a nation of shopkeepers in a derogatory tone, Napoleon nevertheless knew that the Industrial Revolution, along with the riches flooding into the country from the burgeoning British Empire, had made the United Kingdom the most powerful economic power in the world.Because the nation was an island, it needed trade of its finished goods to buy enough raw mater ials and supplies for its population to live at a level that made it possible for them to be consumers and continue their rapidly expanding industrial output. He also knew that industrialization had ravaged the rural population of Britain, as well as its artisan crafts and cottage industries. As a consequence, he believed that a massive embargo of British goods throughout the European continent would destroy the British economy and incite a touristy uprising that would bring down the government, as deprivation among the poor had done in France in the 1780s.Meanwhile, despite the loss of the French Navy at Trafalgar, the French Army (renamed the Grande Arme in 1805) continued its domination of Europe. By the fall of 1806, nearly all of the Continent, from the Atlantic Coast to the borders of Russia, was either under French control, occupation, or allied to France. The only exceptions, most notably Portugal and Sweden, were unable to effectively take on French military might and s ex cessivelyd waiting to see when they too might fall under French rule. With his power seemingly uncontested in Europe, Napoleon determined that it was time to strike at the British with his new strategy of economic embargo.Economic Warfare BeginsOn November 21, 1806, Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree, which declared that France would henceforth blockade all British ships and refuse them entry into any port under French control. In December 1807, Napoleon issued the Milan Decree as well, which stated that any ships coming into French waters that had previously docked in British ports would be confiscated, along with their cargo and crews, by French officials. That new policy was meant to include such neutral nations as the United States, which at that time was Britains most important trading partner U.S. cotton in particular was essential for fueling the textile industry, Britains most important manufacturing base at the time.To counteract Napoleons moves, the British passed their own laws, known as the Orders in Council of 1807, forbidding their trading partners from dealing with France. As a consequence, the United States was forced to cease all trade with some(prenominal) Britain and France, a move passed into law by the Embargo Act of 1807. The U.S. withdrawal from international trade caused significant problems in the British economy and forced British industrialists to look elsewhere for cotton and other raw materials that had previously come from America. The expansion of the second wave of British colonization in the 19th speed of light traces its origins to that period, as does the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.Effects of the Continental SystemNapoleons attempts at economic warfare were shocking at first, but they did not fully cripple the British economy. Russia was not under French control in 1806, so in the beginning phase of the blockade, goods from Britain were still able to compute Europe through Russian-controlle d Baltic ports. By July 1807, however, France and Russia concluded peace with the Treaty of Tilsit, and Russiaalong with Prussiajoined the Continental System as a term of the treaty. By 1808, the value of British exports had fallen from 40.8 million to 35 million, and there was a visible decline in the import of grain.Moreover, industrialists, unable to get raw materials from abroad, began to recumb off their industrial workers. At the same time, there were many crop failures in Britain, leading to extreme hunger for many of the poor who, without jobs or competent hours and pay, were unable to afford higher prices for rarer staples. Food riots resulted, but Napoleons hopes for a popular uprising that would overthrow the government never materialized. Though deeply affected, Britains economy was able to survive the blockade in the end, largely thanks to trade with its colonies and a marked growth in smuggling.While the consequences of the Continental System were dire for the United Kingdom, historians are adamant that the system actually had a far more punishing impact on France. Europeans, some(prenominal) in France and in its conquered and allied territories, were gall that the system was denying them access to many of the consumer goods they relied on that originated from Britain and its colonies, like sugar, coffee, inexpensive textiles, and tobacco.Meanwhile, smugglers thrived in the environment of the embargo, and such goods that did get into Europe from Britain were far more expensive than they had ever been. Moreover, European nations conquered by the French resented the partner laws of the Continental System, which privileged French goods by placing high tariffs on other European goods. Prices throughout Europe skyrocketed under the Continental System, giving Europeans alive under French rule new reasons to resent their imperial overlords. That resentment ultimately shook the foundations of support for Napoleons empire.Resentment, War, and DefeatT he economic hardships wrought by the embargo led European nations that had not fallen under French rule to resist the Continental System. Portugal entirely refused to take part, forcing Napoleon to invade the nation and attempt to capture its fleet and depose its monarchy. However, King John VI of Portugal fled his home for Brazil, Portugals largest colony, and his naval fleet went with him. His people responded by unsportsmanlike against the French invasion, and the British sent an expeditionary force to support them. This was the preliminary phase of the Peninsular War, a brutal struggle for independence from the French for Portugal and Spain, most famous in the United States today for its astonishing and heartbreaking war images captured by the master painter Francisco de Goya. The war was extremely costly for the French and contend a significant federal agency in Napoleons eventual downfall.The Swedish also decided to reject Napoleons demand that they join the Continental Sys tem, an act that resulted in that nation being invaded by Russia in 1808. The war that ensuedknown today as the Russo-Swedish War of 18081809raged from February 1808 until September 1809 and resulted in Finland being separated from Sweden and established as a semiautonomous entity closely tied to the Russian government. Also, the Russians forced the Swedes to join the Continental System, and all Swedish ports were closed to British shipping. Like other parts of Europe living under the Continental System, the Swedes were furious at the results of the embargo, namely higher prices and scarcity of goods. Anti-French sentiment increased, and Sweden subsequently took part in the final campaigns to overthrow Napoleons empire in 18131815.As prices skyrocketed, Napoleons Continental System was increasingly resented in France as well. Moreover, the human and financial costs of the wars in which the system played a causative rolelike the Peninsular Warwore on the French public. Napoleons popu larity began to plummet, and by 1812, the economy of all of Europe was collapsing. In that year, Russia decided to stop participating in the Continental System, and Napoleon responded by launching a massive land invasion of the vast country.Ill prepared for the elusive tactics employed by the Russian Army and the harsh nature of the Russian winter, Napoleon suffered the worst military defeat of his career during the Russian invasion the human carnage was devastating for both sides, and Napoleons Grande Arme was practically decimated. The resentful nations of Europe, including former allies of France, seized the opportunity and rose up in unison against Napoleons weakened regime. Within three years, the emperors exigency would be sealed with his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the final proof that his Continental System was, in the end, a failure.Continental System. World History The newfangled Era. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. ChicagoWorld History The Modern Era, s.v. Conti nental System, accessed March 3, 2011. http//worldhistory.abc-clio.com/. APAContinental System. (2011). In World History The Modern Era. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http//worldhistory.abc-clio.com/

Lemon as Flea Preventer Essay Example for Free

Lemon as Flea Preventer EssayPets such as mouse clicks of necessity to be treated with proper nourishment and needs to be walked, exercise and to be played outside. wienerwursts need a natural environment. They cannot always stay in the signboard so they need to go outside to breathe fresh air and get socialized with other dogs. But by providing them so, they can excerption up insects and other diseases. Fleas and Lice are often health problems of dogs and this may also affect the host family where the dog lives by spreading fleas around the house and major power cause allergies and infection. Fleas feed on the blood of dogs, they also sometimes bite humans. They can live without food for several months, but females must have a blood meal before they can produce eggs. They can deliver about 4000 eggs on the hosts fur.Since Nueva Vizcaya is known to be the citrus fruit capital of the Philippines. That is, in that location are plenty of Vitamin C rich fruits growing in these areas which can be proven and used as a subject to prevent fleas and lice for dogs stipulation that vitamin C is known as an acid.I, the researcher have decided to formulate an investigatory project to prove if citrus is effective as flea and lice preventer with the titled citrus fruit Extract as Dog Flea and Lice Preventer wherein the citrus fruit will be cut into pieces, be extracted through boiling and then sprayed directly to dog fur. tale of the ProblemThis investigatory project is made to determine whether the extract of citrus fruit will be an effective Flea and lice preventer.Specifically, it seeks to sense out* Are at that place significant differences on the prevention time of Fleas and Lice employ citrus extract with various amounts?Statement of the HypothesisThe following statements will be investigatedHa in that location are significant differences on the prevention time of fleas and lice using citrus extract with various amounts. Ho There are no significant diff erences on the prevention time of fleas and lice using citrus extract with various amounts.Scope and DelimitationThis research study entitled Citrus Extract as Dog Flea and Lice Preventer will be conducted on June-September 2013 at Solano High School. It will only investigate on how effective the citrus fruit extract on preventing fleas and lice by comparing the prevention time of fleas and lice with various amounts of citrus extract by decoction. It will not focus on killing fleas and lice, the chemical analysis of citrus fruits, Other parts of the citrus plant (only the fruit) and the life cycle stage of the fleas and lice (egg, pupa, and adult)Significance of the StudyThis study may be beneficial to the following* Flea and Lice Preventer Manufacturers- there might be a possibility of using cheaper yet effective raw materials that could prevent them from spreading too much. * Consumers of Flea and lice Preventer- they can now make homemade flea and lice preventer for their pet dog * Community- it will lessen flea infected dogs easily without spending money on expensive technical flea and lice preventer and by using a nature-friendly one. * Economy- to find a way of producing cheaper and more nature-friendly flea and lice preventer.Definition of TermsThe following terms are defined according to their use in the study * Decoction- it is a appendage of extracting though boiling. -refers to the process of boiling the citrus fruit. It will be used as the flea and lice preventer. * Preventer- refers to the substance which prevents fleas and lice from going in the dogs fur. * Flea and Lice- insects that bites in the dogs fur for blood. * Citrus- a fruit rich in citric acid.* Dog- a domesticated canine mammal commonly kept as house petsFlea and LiceIndependent Variable1. Citrus fruit extract concentration.Research ParadigmDependent Variable1. Time for the extract to last its ability to prevent fleas and lice. evaluate Outcome1. The dog given with citrus extract wi ll not contract with Fleas and/or Lice. 2. The citrus extract flea and lice preventer can compete with other commercial flea and lice preventers.ExplanationIn this study, the researchers will only make one flea and lice preventer spray which is made from boiled citrus extract. Ill also be also using a commercial flea and lice preventer as the control variable. The effectiveness of the citrus extract will be measured by observing the time for the fleas and lice prevented from the dog in each set-up. The expected outcome is that the citrus extract flea and lice preventer can be as effective as the commercial flea and lice preventer.

High school Essay Example for Free

High school EssayThe dwindling quality of learning in Nigeria is a cause for great annoying and overly c every last(predicate)s for a prompt action by all stakeholders to salvage the trend. The current attitude is, to say the least, disheartening. A lot of computer science graduates of Nigerias tertiary institutions, for instance, fail recruitment tests for their in major power to switch on a PC. Some of them be obviously getting to touch such(prenominal) machines for the first time. throne Communication graduates struggle to make simple and correct sentences. Engineering graduates who ought to put one across conducted researches in the course of their studies, culminating in inventions, get to touch most of the elementary technology to a faultls for the first time, after their graduation. This is a near hopeless situation for a country that targets to be one of the worlds leading economies by 2020. The meaning of the existing trend is that correct though on that poi nt is a high graduate unemployment rate, most of the university and polytechnic graduates in Nigeria ar not employable.The loss of confidence in Nigerias grooming system is evident in the amount of money that Nigerians who can afford it, spend on their education in different countries. According to Exam Ethics world(prenominal), a non- governing bodyal organisation, Nigeria loses N1. 5 trillion annually to education tourism. N160 billion of this amount is allegedly spent by Nigerian parents on their children and wards education in Ghana alone while N80 billion is spent on the same purpose in the United Kingdom. President Goodluck Jonathan should be commended for allocating the highest figure to the education sector in the 2013 compute.However, there are other issues that get urgent vigilance. The emphasis on paper talent and theoretical companionship at the expense of competence or practical knowledge and entrepreneurial skills is a big challenge to the sector. The resul t is that most products of Nigerias tertiary institutions are simple certificate carriers and are not qualified to be addressed as university or polytechnic graduates. It is the combination of the in impelling education system and the decreasing sportsmanlike collar job opportunities that have further compounded the nations unemployment problem.The diminishing quality of education in Nigeria is indeed, disturbing. Literacy is a human right prize in the Universal Declaration of Rights and it goes beyond the mere skill of reading and writing. It is a process of transformation that empowers the individual, broadens his critical thinking and provides such individual with the ability to act. The much emphasis on paper qualification has however encouraged fraudulent acquisition of highly graded certificates at the expense of true knowledge acquisition.Some students go to the extent of bribing lecturers or having sex with them to obtain high grades. Government agencies and private organ isations further endorse emphasis on paper qualification above competence and skill by discriminating between a polytechnic and a university graduate. This trend has to change. If Nigeria must move at the anticipated scotch growth rate, because, the country must learn from great examples like China which derived the strength of its speedy economic development from skills acquisition and technical education.Giving more(prenominal) focus to the development of technical education and skills acquisition will also complement the targeted provision of regular power supply across the country and drastically, bring down unemployment rate. Objectives of the Universal Basic Education Scheme, the 6-3-3-4 Senior Secondary School Education system and some other education policy initiatives have not been achieved. As a matter of fact, Nigeria has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world.According to the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 775 million people are hitherto considered non-literates and 85 per cent live in 41 countries including Nigeria. About 40 million adults in Nigeria are illiterates and overall illiteracy rate is near 57 per cent. Only about 500,000 people are reportedly enrolled in adult literacy classes nationwide and this translates to one out of every 80 illiterates. The United States Agency for Inter internal Development reports that there are 30 million primary school age children in Nigeria but estimated 10 million are not enrolled in school.Government should therefore, demonstrate the needed seriousness in addressing the prevalent low literacy level and give more attention to the quality of education while work to widen access to primary education. Federal, state and local governments across Nigeria should wake up to their responsibilities in providing qualitative primary, secondary and tertiary education to citizens of Nigeria. Parents also have a role to play in managing the negative impact of modern technolog y on their childrens academic performances.For instance, research shows that the habit of abbreviation and flip use of wrong spellings for sending text messages contributed to the high ill fortunes in English language, recorded at the Senior Secondary School Examination and Unified tertiary Matriculation Examination in recent years. Twitter and Facebook fun chat sessions are also addictive and minimise study concentration levels for many students. two government and private owners of educational institutions should ensure that the required infrastructure for learning is adequately provided.The welfare of all categories of school teachers must equally be habituated adequate attention. This is one way of discouraging lecturers from yielding to the temptation to receive bribes or sleep with students in order to award them high scores, thereby leave them in a state of intellectual emptiness. at that place are other challenges facing Nigerias education sector such as inadequate fu nding, push back unrest and brain drain. Therefore, all efforts must be made by the federal official and state governments to avoid unnecessary labour unrest that keeps students of both federal and state tertiary institutions at home for long periods of time.In most cases, this poses a big distraction to the students who after leaving the academic community for too long a time to mingle with non-academically inclined peers, begin to lose interest in academics and academic activities. Besides, it makes education far more expensive for students, specially those on self sponsorship. The federal character clause in the 1999 Constitution should also be reviewed because it is one of the reckons running(a) against the quality of the nations education system.For instance, the federal character principle makes it difficult for most of the tertiary institutions to recruit fresh quality PhD holders as lecturers. Qualified applicants are rejected for some factor like state of origin. Profes sors and other categories of lecturers are also constantly retiring without replacements. These anomalies are really worrisome and all stakeholders must do something urgently. Personally, and without mincing words, there is no problem with either the old system or the new system but the problem lies in the administration and management of the Nigerian educational system.A count on at recent trend with the rate of passage in national examinations, the education system has collapsed. Unfortunately, policymakers are not brooking attention to that rather, the policymakers are just making policies that will not help the system. Whether, it 6-5-4, 6-3-3-4, 9-3-4 or any other system the educational system in Nigeria have been caught in the web of inefficiency which is characteristic of the present day Nigeria. The justification being advanced by government and its agencies on the basis for the change is laughable.Education is the process by which an individual is encouraged and enabled to fully develop his or her potential it may also serve the purpose of equipping, bringing up, training and rearing the individual to be a productive member of the society. People oriented governments achieve these objectives through a conscious and purposeful driven policies aimed at developing the potentials of her citizenry by equipping schools, employment of qualified manpower, upgrading of educational infrastructures in line with world standards etc. However, in Nigeria, we are still debating the appropriateness of the system to adopt in this 21st century.It leaves one to ponder where this country is heading towards. From the analysis you have given so far, what do you think are the problems? A cursory look at the Nigerian educational system shows that the system is faced with a number of problems. The Nigerian educational system has a history of failure because of politics. The betrothal of education ministers and key positions in the educational sector are not done on merits rather on party affiliations, tribe and friendship. The effect of such appointments is what we are witnessing in Nigeria now.We take things for granted in this country and everything to us is business. Capable individualnel that should be at the helm of affairs in the education sector are sacrificed for party loyalty and selfishness. This is one intractable problem in the education system. Indiscipline manifests in such areas as examination malpractices and private cultism, unprotected sex, unwanted pregnancies, bribery and corruption. Crises in the universities have led to brain-drain syndrome. Potential teachers shy away from academics in search of greener pastures in other sectors of the Nigerian prudence or outside the country.If this trend is not checked through better working conditions for academicians and appeals to their patriotic spirit, the result could be disastrous for the country. The managers of primary, secondary and tertiary institutions in Nigeria are in conse nsus that these institutions are grossly under-funded.Evidence exists on the degree of dilapidation that characterises primary and secondary school buildings in parts of the country the non-payment of teachers salaries and allowances as a result of which strikes are the order of the day the lack of necessary teaching andlearning materials at all levels of the educational system poor working conditions of all teachers in the country, among other factors have led to the death of the Nigerian educational system.The education sector is poorly funded. Teachers are not paid their salaries on time. The teachers who are supposed to implement the curriculum and give it their best shot are all distracted looking for money to survive. There is no effective system in the country for training good teachers at the nursery/primary and secondary school levels, teachers who are attuned to the demands of human resource capacity in the age of globalisation.A weak primary education system automatically larns weak students for the secondary schools, which are no better either, and so the chain of second-rater continues up to the higher education level and the cycle completes itself with the same garbage fed back into society with serious implications for national competitiveness and productivity. We are all witnesses to the unnecessary changes in government policies concerning the educational sector. The frequent changes in the system do not allow for consistency thus the basis for measurement and benchmarking for nonindulgent measures cannot be achieved.The management of the educational sector in Nigeria is so inconsistent with every new minister of education trying to introduce something new, without any sozzled study of the situation. The implication is a sector that lacks direction. It is partly this confusion in government policies that has compelled many middle class families to patronise American, British and Turkish-style educational institutions which are all availabl e in Nigeria. Another major problem facing the Nigerian educational system is lack of interface between the various organize government agencies.The authorities responsible for the supervision of primary, secondary and tertiary education work in isolation. It could be argued that the ministry of education is the coordinating ministry. However, we have seen a situation where Universal Basic Education Commission, UBEC officials are not coordinating with SUBEP. West African Certificate Examination, WACE is an autonomous body Joint Admissions and Matriculations Board, JAMB also has its own mandate. What do you think is the solution to the problems?As stated earlier, the problem is not in the system of education, the problem lies in the administration and management of the Nigerian education system. There must be political will on the part of government to formulate and implement policies that enhances the growth of the Nigerian educational system. We must not pay lip service to the prob lem, but a conscious and radical approach must as a matter of urgency, be adopted to address the failure currently observed in this sector. As a matter of fact, the government should declare a state of emergency on the educational system.This is necessary if the schools should produce the next generation of leaders. Coordinating ministries, agencies and parastatals must as a matter of urgency interface with one another. Products of primary schools naturally progress to secondary schools and this cast of students ultimately enters the university. Therefore, there must be a way of ensuring that the coordinating agencies co-exist harmoniously and their objectives should be geared towards achieving a better standard of education in Nigeria.On the part of government, a blueprint on the way forward for the Nigerian education system should be formulated after a national conference on education, where all stakeholders are allowed to make an input. This blue-print when fully developed, shou ld have a time frame. The time frame should be realistic and achievable and it should be a criminal offence for any person to deviate from the blueprint. Such a process will ensure consistency in administration of government policies which is a major problem facing the Nigerian education system. Consistency allows for benchmarking, monitoring and control.Proper funding of the education system is also a nostrum to the problems observed in the Nigerian education system. A situation where the government budget on education is less than five percent of the total budget is appalling. Proper funding here involves allocating funds to areas that will improve the system, areas such as provision of computers to schools, rehabilitation of dilapidated school buildings, provision of conducive working environment for staff and enhanced welfare package for teachers etc should be pursued if the sector is to grow.The participation of the private sector in the Nigeria education system should also be encouraged and enhanced. There are private schools primary, secondary and university that have facilities that are far better than most state schools. The owners of these schools are opening a window for the proper development of the Nigerian student. Lastly, for the Nigerian education system to grow, corruption must be expunged from the fabrics of Nigerians. Nigerians are so undisciplined such that they divert major part of the resources meant for the education system to their personal accounts.We must fight corruption and indiscipline by ensuring that people are made to account for some(prenominal) is entrusted to them. Some people are of the view that the academic curriculum should be reviewed so that our tertiary education will be more skill-based. What is your take on this? There is no gainsaying that the tertiary education curriculum in Nigeria should be beefed up, making it more skill-based than what we have presently. I am in support of improved skill-based curriculum. A s kill- based curriculum would assist to empower the graduate to become good entrepreneurs and self reliant after school.There are no jobs in Nigeria, even when they exist it is only the fortunate ones that get it leaving others jobless. Therefore, in order to remain relevant the Nigerian graduate must be totally equipped with all the necessary skill to survive. Entrepreneurs tend to start ventures that build on specific skills they have already developed and knowledge they have already acquired in a certain occupation, industry or school. However, in Nigeria, tertiary schools curriculum is not skill-based hence Nigerian students are not developed from schools to become entrepreneurs.Do you subscribe to the opinion that majority of Nigerian graduates are unemployable? The Nigerian graduate is a product of the society, and when the system is massed up do we then expect any good thing to come out from them? Obviously, what a man sows so shall he reap. An unemployable person is person that is not acceptable for employment. With all sincerity, majority of present day Nigerian graduates fit the above definition of an unemployable person. The decay in the Nigerian educational system could be blamed for this assertion.As earlier stated, the present day university curriculum is not programmed for skill-based graduates. Imagine a computer science or engine room graduate who cannot code in a simple programming language seeking the post of a software developer. How can such a person be employed by a serious software company? The solution is an inclusion in curriculum skill-based courses like most private universities are doing. This will help to address the problem. The attitude of most Nigerian graduates is appalling.They put up irresponsible attitudes in even their job search. No wonder, most firms require professional certificates for employment. It is believed that such professional bodies must have imbibed in the candidate some professional ethical standards. The d esire to make it quick in invigoration and at all cost by Nigerians makes most graduates to apply for positions they are not qualified for. If a job specification says they need a B. Sc degree holder in accounting with at least three years experience, and someone is applying for the same position with B.Sc degree in economics. The recruiter has a reason for what he or she is looking for you will only succeed in annoying the recruiters, and he or she will throw you out. Another major reason for massive youth unemployment in Nigeria is that they are often times short on personal development. Most of us today are what we are not because the school gave us everything needed but we took out time to personally develop ourselves. The present day Nigerian graduate does not even think of personal enhancement and it is actually showing.Lack of information is also a major problem. Many graduates do not have access to resilient information that could get them employed. Some people hear of vac ancies after the deadline or dont even get to hear at all. This is the major reason why the Nigerian graduate is unemployable. A situation where teachers collect bribe to pass student, students buying WACE results, parents paying JAMB officials, sorting of courses and lecturers demanding for sex from female students to pass exams. How then can you employ such graduates?

Effects Of Toxic Pollutants On Food Chains Environmental Sciences Essay

Effects Of Toxic Pollutants On viands Chains environmental Sciences EssayWhen a factory pours harmful chemicals or wastes into the air or body of weewee, when rock crude crude oil leaks from a burning oilrig or when a tanker runs aground, and when a farmer puts pesticides or fertilizers on a field to increase crop yield, it is said that these things pollute the environment. Pollution whoremonger expect more forms. Its effects prat have a major impact on nutrition chains both in the water and on the land.E realthing from builds to animals, large and small is impacted. Pollutants want oil, pesticides, fertilizers much(prenominal) as nitrogen and phosphate from fertilizers, and wind deal have a tremendous impact on the ecosystem, especially if the water gets polluted.Effects of Toxic Pollutants on Food ChainsAn ecosystem tail assembly be defined, as a self-contained, dynamic system made of a population of species in its physical environment. The study a community is c omplex and entangles the interactions between the organisms that murder it up, and include plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. There ar many different ways in which the community of organisms interacts. First is the food chain, where each organism is in a producer, consumer, predator, and prey relationship (Smith, Walker, et al). Next are the oxygen and water cycles that sustain the organisms. They provide the raw materials necessary for photosynthesis and cellular respiration, which make energy, and in turn, purpose it. When an ecosystem gets polluted, the natural balance in the system is disturbed, affecting the organisms in different ways. It is important to know how a simple act like introducing sewage water or toxic waste into a lake can threaten several animal and plants species in the area.Pollutants like oil, pesticides, nitrogen and phosphate from fertilizers and flow can have a tremendous impact on the ecosystem, especially if the water gets polluted. In a lake, fo r example, it can change the ecological balance by stimulating plant and algae growth, causing the death of tilt due to suffocation from the lack of oxygen dissolved in the water. The oxygen cycle exit eventually stop. The polluted water will also have a significant affect the animals dependant on the lake water. With no food to eat, or water to drink, they will be forced to move to anformer(a) area, or face death.Both the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and the Exxon Valdez lecture in Alaska in 1989 caused significant damage to marine and wildlife habitats. In the Gulf of Mexico, it is reported that balls of oil continue to wash up along the shore, while dredging has shown mats of oil resting on the ocean floor, and oil sheen trails are still seen in the wake of fishing boats (CBS). Wetlands marsh grass remains fouled and dying, and oil can be seen in the pore space of sand and gravel deposits along the estuary edges of the Gulf. Although there was an extensive use skimmer ships, containment booms, raking of beaches and chemical and biological remediation (by introducing oil eating bacteria to eat the oil), the dispersion of the pollutants seems to have had minimal effect. In the short term, after several months, the fishing industry was allowed to resume operations (although in some areas, oil balls are found in the fishing nets). It is, however, too soon to know what the long terms effects will be.In Prince William Sound, Alaska, the use of a detergent dispersant had little effect and was stopped when it was found to be toxic to the cleanup workers and native wildlife. Wave action, which is important to disperse the oil in the water, was not enough, and the process was stopped (MacAskill). Attempts to burn the oil away, on a small scale, were successful, but had to be stopped when the weather changed. Ecosystems here form the rump of the coastal food chains. Animal life impacted by the spill included aquatic mammals, fish, bir ds as well as their related food chains. In the short term, hundreds of thousands of mid- and upper-level food chain animals were impacted, along with future generations (the eggs laid by salmon), for example, and in the long-term, scientists are still seeing contamination which has mastermind to a drastic reduction in populations across the board (Gill Elliott). Living in upstate New York, the use of nitrogen- and phosphorus-based fertilizers to increase crop yield are commonplace. The chemicals and nutrients found in them, while salutary for agricultural crops can be lethal in high doses for fish, birds and other wildlife. Pesticides, designed to kill pests chemically, are also dangerous when leached into soil or groundwater supplies. Heavy amounts of fertilizer chemicals like potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus in natural water systems can actually cause on the spur of the moment zones where wildlife cannot survive because of lower oxygen levels and chemical poisoning. Insect s and organisms like honeybees and soil microbes that are beneficial to the food chain can be killed alongside the pests, eliminating that part of the ecosystem that is beneficial to crop health and sustainability. Nitrate (NO3) is a naturally occurring form of nitrogen found in soil. Nitrogen is essential to all life, and most crop plants adopt large quantities to sustain high yields. The formation of nitrates is an integral part of the nitrogen cycle in the environment. In moderate amounts, they are a harmless destiny of food and water. Plants use nitrates from the soil to satisfy nutrient requirements and may accumulate nitrates in their leaves and stems (Relyea). Due to its high mobility, nitrates can also leach into groundwater, where ingestion can cause rare illness such as methemoglobinemia (found especially in infants) to occur. Nitrates form when microorganisms break down fertilizers, decaying plants, manures or other organic residues. Plants naturally take up these nitra tes, but rain and irrigation water can cause them to runoff into lakes or streams, or leach them into groundwater. Although nitrate occurs naturally in some groundwater, in most cases higher levels are thought to result from human activities (Relyea). Common sources of nitrate include fertilizers and manure, animal feed dish ups, municipal waste and sludge, septic systems and natural nitrogen fixation conducted by legumes, bacteria, and lightning.Nitrates that enter the food chain by means of non-natural means can have serious, and sometimes long-lasting effects on both plants and animals. kine and sheep (ruminants) are susceptible to nitrate poisoning when they drink contaminated water, animal feed or fodder. To protect drinking water, it is important to limit the loss of pleonastic water and plant nutrients, and match fertilizer and irrigation applications to precise crop uptake needs in order to minimize groundwater contamination. While it may be technically possible to treat contaminated groundwater, it can be difficult, expensive and not totally effective. For this reason, prevention is the best way to ensure clean water. Water treatments include distillation, reverse osmosis, ion exchange or blending. Phosphorus is another common constituent of agricultural fertilizers, manure, and organic wastes in sewage and industrial effluent. It is an essential element for plant life, but when there is too much of it in water, it can speed up eutrophication (a reduction in dissolved oxygen in water bodies caused by an increase of mineral and organic nutrients) of rivers and lakes. Soil erosion is a major contributor of phosphorus to streams. Bank erosion occurring during floods can transport a lot of phosphorous from the riverbanks and adjacent land into a stream. It gets into water in both urban and agricultural settings, tends to attach to soil particles and, moves into surface-water bodies from runoff. A United States Coast and geologic Survey (USGS) study on Cape Cod, Massachusetts showed that phosphorus could also migrate with ground-water flows (Perlman). Since ground water often discharges into surface water, such as done stream banks into rivers, there is a concern about phosphorus concentrations in ground water affecting the water quality of surface water.Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances, of chemical or biological origin, used by human society to eliminate or repel pests such as bacteria, nematodes, insects, mites, mollusks, birds, rodents, and other organisms that affect food production or human health (Pimentel). They usually act by disrupting some component of the pests life processes to kill or deactivate it. In a legal context, pesticides also include substances such as insect attractants, herbicides, plant defoliants, desiccants, and plant growth regulators. They can have an effect on both the water and soil. These pollutants have had some of their most striking effects on birds, particularly those in th e higher trophic levels of food chains, such as bald eagles, hawks, and owls. These birds are often rare, endangered, and susceptible to pesticide residues such as those occurring from the bioconcentration (the amount of solute per unit volume of solution) of organic, chlorine-based insecticides through land-based food chains. Pesticides may kill grain- and plant-feeding birds, and the elimination of many rare species of ducks and geese has been reported. Populations of insect-eating birds such as partridges, grouse, and pheasants have decreased due to the loss of their insect food in agricultural fields through the use of insecticides. Bees are extremely important in the pollination of crops and wild plants, and although pesticides are screened for toxicity to bees, and the use of pesticides toxic to bees is permitted only under stringent conditions, many bees are killed by pesticides, resulting in the considerably reduced yield of crops dependent on bee pollination. The movement o f pesticides into surface and groundwater happens through the processes of infiltration (when water sinks into unsaturated layers of soil) and runoff. Wildlife is affected, and human drinking water is sometimes contaminated beyond acceptable safety levels. In Beekman, New York, pesticides used to kill an infestation of insects in a public school exsert to the contamination of the village water supply when it leached into the reservoir. Sediments dredged from U.S. waterways are often so heavily contaminated by pesticide residues that it becomes hard to safely dispose of them on land. A major environmental impact has been the widespread death of fish and marine invertebrates due to the contamination of aquatic systems by pesticides. This has resulted from the agricultural contamination of waterways through fallout, drainage, or runoff erosion, and from the discharge of industrial wastes into waterways. Historically, most of the fish in Europes Rhine River were killed by the discharge of pesticides, and at one time fish populations in the Great Lakes became very low due to pesticide contamination (Smith). Many of the organisms that provide food for fish are extremely susceptible to pesticides, so the indirect effects of pesticides on the fish food supply may have an even greater effect on fish populations. It is evident that pesticides cause major losses in globose fish production, as they are extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. The literature on pest control lists many examples of new pest species that have actual when their natural enemies are killed by pesticides. This has created a further dependence on pesticides not very different from drug dependence. Finally, the effects of pesticides on the biodiversity of plants and animals in agricultural landscapes, whether caused directly or indirectly by pesticides, constitute a major adverse environmental impact of pesticides.ConclusionAs chemicals diffuse up through the food chain, the top-level predators end up with the highest concentration of the chemicals in their bodies, and suffer the worst effects. They can have a major impact on all levels of the food chain. Excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to human and animal health, plants and trees, including tropical rainforests, as well as the wider environment. All types of pollution, air, water and soil, have an impact on the living environment. The effects in living organisms may range from mild discomfort to serious diseases such as genus Cancer or physical deformities (extra or missing limbs in frogs). Experts admit that pollution effects are quite often underestimated and that more research is needed to represent the connections between pollution and its effects on all life forms. Waterborne diseases caused by polluted water can include typhoid, amoebiasis, giardiasis, scariasis, hookworm, rashes, ear ache, pink eye, respiratory infections, hepatitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, vomiting, and st omach aches. Conditions related to water polluted by chemicals (such as pesticides, hydrocarbons, persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals etc) can include cancer (prostate cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma), hormonal problems that can disrupt reproductive and developmental processes, damage to the nervous system, liver and kidney damage, damage to the DNA, and exposure to mercury (heavy metal). Soil pollution has many effects, as well, including cancer, and leukemia. Lead in soil is especially hazardous for young children causing developmental damage to the brain. Mercury can increase the lay on the line of kidney damage cyclodienes (an organic insecticide) can lead to liver toxicity. Other effects can include neuromuscular blockage, depression of the central nervous system, headaches, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash.ResearchGill, C. Elliott, J. (2003). Influence of Food Supply and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Contaminants on Breeding Success of Bald Eagles. Ecotoxicolo gy,12(1-4),95- 111. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQuest Biology Journals. (Document ID404134371).Gulf Oil Slick Endangering Ecology. CBS Broadcasting written transcript. 2010-04-30. http//wcco.com/video/?id=78277. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQuest Biology Journals.MacAskill, E. (February 2, 2007). 18 years on, Exxon Valdez oil still pours into Alaskan waters, The Guardian. http//environment.guardian.co.uk/waste/story/0,,2004154,00.html. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQuest Biology Journals.Perlman, H. (February, 2011). U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geologic Survey. http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/urbanpho.html. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQuest Biology Journals.Pimentel, D., Lehman, H., eds. (1993). The Pesticide Question Environment, Economics, and Ethics. New York Chapman and Hall.Relyea,R. (2009). A cocktail of contaminants how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia, 159(2),363-76. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQu est Biology Journals. (Document ID2021561771).Self, J. Waskom, R. (October, 2008) Colorado State University Soils Testing. Colorado State University Press Denver.Smith,J.,Walker,L.,Shore,R.,Le V Dit Durell,S.,Howe,P.,Taylor,M. (2009). Do estuaries pose a toxic contamination risk for wading birds? Ecotoxicology,18(7),906-17. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQuest Biology Journals. (Document ID1847368111).Veerina, S., Parker, N Fedler, C. (2002). Effects of Sludge Filtrate on the Survival and Reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ecotoxicology,11(2),113-8. Retrieved April 9, 2011, from ProQuest Biology Journals. (Document ID386223921).

Rise and Fall of Standard Pricing

Rise and Fall of Standard PricingThe Rise and Fall of Standard Pricing and Its Effect on Everyday operations For European and Ameri give nonice FirmsThe overall purpose of this paper and study is to investigate cost or lean calculate in spite of appearance the operations arrangement estate and how its un foreseeable face lift and fall allow organisations to continuously learn and utilize association precaution as a core value. It was also central to use a larger organisation that has history of outstanding operations and customer centered focus upon works. This investigation bequeath require an in-depth study of work wait virtuosos, confabulation and leadinghip with encounter to knowledge management as a value within the team construct plot of land looking at how this reflects leaning revolutionarys report principles. What tools ar available and what kind of evolution is near undergoing in collection to remain competitive in a changing economy? How does this mo dification knowledge management and chat high society wide? What this study argues is that account practices atomic number 18 changing due to the evolving cable plan. This is a movement toward modern history and it is important to see the relationships meetween costing accounting, its fluctuations and how they impact the health of the organisation as a whole with regard to growthivity and railway line satis accompanimention.How an organisation applies methods of costing into its exerciseling for accounting of expenses and its direct rise and fall over the prison term period of the harvesting life cycle, directly influences the growthion, operation, distri bution and employee retention of the global political party. In fact mixed bags in accounting practices fill led to much(prenominal) tried and true rail line models to no longer exist. Costing and its rise and fall give the gate demand a direct relationship with success and competitive advantage in the mark et place. However the purpose of this study is to explore and reflect upon how accounting practices change operations management and the supply chain management model as a tool of managers and team members alike. Really it is how accounting practices have changed business practices because of impertinently legislation foc utilise on global companies in Europe and the United States. Accounting costs, expenses and losses reflects the health of the organisation and with change comes confusion. This study argues that with such changes comes a lack of defining the companys value within the market but also the value it has for its employees, as they become active participants and investors.GENERAL OVERVIEWHow integrated accounting is handled is changing worldwide. How to each iodine expense is accounted for within an organisations financial sheets has been evolving. Such a proposal for change has received much commentary from not only the financial community and corporate America but also anchor members of Congress, European union leaders and the public. Such a reception results from the uncertainty that such change will arrive at businesses and economic growth. It is fe ared that such change will have the opposite effect and cause world leaders to lose its competitive edge in the global market. Still this has not stopped the fuel of the fire as the Ameri tidy sum Financial Accounting Standards table (also referred to as FASB) has struggled for an answer to such a dilemma. The urgency for a solution has only been stressed modernly in light of such debacles like Enron and Tyco. It is believed that companies do penury to account h iodinstly for expenses but at what price to its employees, the public and the economy? Part of the issue with current legislation to change the practice of accounting for employee stock creams is that there is no real way to value their worth. This creates an unsettling feeling among investors and employees struggling to understand this benefit.ACCOUNTING OVERVIEWWhat this truly means for any corporation execution globally or scour locally this that effective cost accounting because a mercurial issue for management to consider. One could argue that such rise and fall of how costing/price pays a part in the entire operation has a negative effect upon how the companys valuation is seen on the open market. Costing at every step of the product life cycle revives a huge part in how this valuation is decided from size up at the shop floor level, to everyday operations management, to an employees value with the company and their net worth personally. Changes within the global economy in the recent years the disappearance of tried and true business models leaves legion(predicate) with a poor taste in their mouths because one essential understand how efficiency, affordability and effective leading come into play. Effective pricing or costing of routine operations and corporate behaviours must be tracked and st udied in baseball club to m obsolete the fat. This study aims to look at exactly what the rise and fall of pricing or costing means to a global organisation conducting business on some(prenominal) levels. For the purpose of proving the argument that such changes in accounting practice has a negative effect on the organisation, one will look at examples from the shop floor to the employees estimated value with the company in the form of job satisfaction. Accounting for such expensing and pricing correctly is what makes the organisation strong but also accurate in valuation. With this in mind, traditional business models like Wal-Mart and Nestle are discussed because these are globally in operation(p) corporations.Debates about whether or not the fair value of the employee and the company stock options should be expensed on the income statement continue to rage among industry representatives, politicians, and pundits. Expense recognition of stock options can have significant impac ts on net income and earnings per share, so this is a debate worth having. But many of those who analyze companies consider operating cash turn tail a better performance metric than income. One reason is that operating cash melt down is thought to be free from the infection that makes income grossly weakened. In the case of employee worth and stock values, however, there is proof that this assumption is flawed. Option exercise affects operating cash flows in ways that analysts need to understand. Repurchasing shares to fund option exercise also results in financing cash outflows. The net cash flow impacts of options are often negative, but can be quite volatile from year to year.LITERATURE REVIEWSTANDARD PRICING AS ACCOUNTING PRACTICEIt can be difficult to assess why a product has a certain cost or price to the consumer. How is it that companies arrive at certain amount for a product or service? What are the federal agents that play into this amount and do they change over priso n term term in the market? Mish defines clearly, price as being the value or worth the tonus of one thing that is exchanged or demanded in barter or sale for another (2004, p. 985). A mistake that happens to many companies is they allow the market to manage the price of the product and avoid strategic management of pricing in general. What is usually done consort to Nagle is they list the prices based on their own unavoidably and thence ad unless transaction prices to based on what customers say they are spontaneous to pay. Only a few companies question why someone is willing to pay no more that a particular amount or how that willingness could be changed (2002, p. 1). In order to be strategic in pricing, a company must confident and understand that pricing involves managing customers expectations to induce them to pay for the value they receive (Nagle 2002, p.1). Fortunately, when it comes to financial products, many customers remain in the dark about product and services. So metimes a service oriented company such as the Bank of England can take advantage of such undulation but as more information becomes available due to the Internet, it is becoming increasingly more difficult for a company to set the pace this way. More than not, more companies in particular financial ones that rely on customer relationships, allow for a value-based price structure that is contingent on the customer paying when value is delivered. This type of pricing system relies heavily on segmentation of the demographic when it comes to offering promotions and incentives to buster customer loyalty. Much of this applies to financial type products that are well defined for the consumer both through education or these products are a must in life like the credit or loan product. Keeping this in mind, many financial products consist of high quality products and add-ons that when offered by one company allows that company to diversify and establish the price. The table here below aids in illustrating this point.Table 1 Pricing Strategies(Anderson Bailey 1998, p. 2)It is also important for a company to keep in mind demand for the product or service. This is why variegation and globalization are quickly becoming elements of strategy as companies look for new ways to target consumers and enter new areas where their original product has a new life cycle. This is a matter of economics but important for understanding marketing strategy with regards to cost switching or price switching. The great the price elasticity, the closer the company can price products to similar competitive products and vice versa (Allen 2002). In an industry like the mortgage industry where homeownership is more overriding in Western nations, elasticity is high and therefore, it is fair to remain competitive with other companies. Also a company like Nestle can bet that charging less may lead to more food products created as customers find they get more service for less money. In this respec t elasticity can work either way. It really depends on degree of risk one company is willing to take. Still it remains to be found if such a tactic even works when it comes to customer loyalty, as this will be explored in greater detail later. However, it remains to be seen if price loyalty does exist. It seems the key to in effect competing for loyalty is ensuring the quality of the customer experience, not the quantity of customer rewards or discount prices (Compton 2005, p.1). However, the price necessarily to be adjusted for what the customer expects. It can be a cycle that changing continuously depending on the product or service.Carmona, and et al (2004), writes of the origin of activity based costing method of accounting or ABC that came into vogue in Europe during the 1920s. What ABC does specifically as Carmona, and et al (2004) speak of Vollmerss work asDeployed significant efforts to account for dissemination and marketing costs, which tend to be ignored today. This fi rst event is then taken as record of the origin (both in terms of time and space), from which the new practice mainly spread both temporally and spatially. (p. 36)This is the start of a movement toward the double entry system and this saw delay and many weaknesses because it did not present a clear, transact picture of accounting. Its weaknesses were found in inefficiencies with charges and discharges. As a result, early double-entry systems were seen as unreliable and not useful to swelled business. It would not be until later that advanced book keeping procedures would take into account advanced operating processes in production. Carmona, and et al (2004) found these systems although not better were used in England and the Colonies as early as 1760 (p. 37). It seems this was the trend as no real streamlined, conforming system would be adopted until modern business practices came into place in the United States.Move to a global arena and model of production purposes and a more r efined system is needed because a lot more is at stake. Global business is all about the details. It became common practice more enthronisation applied, the more generally accepted accounting practices became as a diffusion of new technology. Accounting practices became more generally accepted behaviours as businesses became bigger and more prominent in communities across the world. Practices are implemented as Abu-Raddaha, and et al (2000) surmises the followingThe information provided by accounting should facilitate international trade and cracking flows, not hamper them. It should inform, not just report. More importantly the information demands of both domestic and international financing and other commercial relationships, have to be satisfied. (p. 19).Everything must remain in vestibular sense or presented as a well-oiled utensil.How does an organisation get to this point of transformation with its accounting practices? Modern accounting asks for more participation and opt imisation from the start to mop up by the corporate accountant. The actions of the corporate accountants must change as the movement toward lean functioning continues to take place. It should not be a painful process but one of creativity, flexibility and growth. There is a concern that lean accounting requires one to turn off creativity and be boxed into one function or thought process. This will be explored late as a post-modern viewpoint of business where each person has a function within the total quality management or TQM perspective. Modern business may use this as a framework but the modern business model has evolved beyond this fixed view. The truth of the matter is that modern accounting practices could not be further from this view of being boxed in but earlier goes beyond breaking the box and creating a different mindset where thinking is seen differently than before. Accounting is seen differently as not having finite possibilities but endless reasoning. Traditional m ethods are flawed as proposed by Van Der Merwe and Thomson (2007), the direct costing approach doesnt absorb any overhead or even fixed costsresource consumption accounting or RCA makes no arbitrary assignments at all (p. 29). A lean, effective method allows for a more detailed account of capacity costs and a basic approach to data collection. Modern times call modern values and thought processes with regard to business seamless behaviour across the production floor. The lean method maintains a one-touch flow system (Van Der Merwe Thomson 2007, p. 29) for information diffusion across the life cycle. This one-touch flow system can be integrated with a supply chain easily and reflects this value added element as a method for better, honest accounting.operations MANAGEMENTA most important factor for facilities management to recognize is the use of Total Quality Management (TQM) or a wavering of TQM. TQM according to David Steingard is a set of techniques and procedures used to reduce or eliminate variation from the production process or service delivery system in order to improve efficiency (Steingard 2002, p. 2). TQM fits with the facilities management way of doing things as many of their functions require repetition or constant monitoring of daily, weekly and monthly items. Because this is a modernist conception and the modernist movement believed in certainty and static methods of looking at the world, there is not much room for the uncertainty that change creates in todays workplace using strictly TQM. Therefore either change in this environment must be controlled change or a variation of TQM must be used for the process to work and involve new technologies. Otherwise, TQM alone invents a work environment reminiscent of Franz Langs Metropolis and dehumanizes the employee. A variation TQM can be used in facilities management to aid defining team member responsibilities as it sees the whole team as a machine creates a system of interlocking parts each with c learly defined use, centralized authority and high degrees of worker discipline culminating with the goal of routinised, efficient and predictable system performance (Steingard 2002, p. 2). Each team member plays a role in the functioning of the machine. Still much like todays business environment where change is constant, this system requires continued adjustment, modification improvement of function. TQM as way of defining a work process cannot operate entirely in todays global market because it succeeds at the expense of innovation and the growth of the employee. It also does not leave room to incorporate change and new ways of improving functions. Still a memory of pure TQM feeds the modernist machine of consumer capitalism which encourages over-consumption, planned obsolescence, ecological damage and depletion of natural resources (Steingard 2002, p. 4). This memory has also heavy-laden management as the obsession for completeion, control, consistency, productivity and efficie ncy increases over time. In todays facilities team, there must be a healthy specialty to not only use past methods for increased productivity and efficiency but also to embroil modern tools and equipment to make the job easier.In order to remain competitive, technology cannot be ignored, the systems it provides must be implemented in order for logistics to remain seamless and keep up with demand and customer expectation. For lawsuit failure to embrace logistics and technology results in inventory costing a company more money to store than it is worth. McCullogh writes, Right now sitting well-nigh the globe is a bunch of inventory (worth an estimated) United States $1 trillionUnited States $1 trillion of boxes of stuff is just sitting around a warehouse (Warning Dont Snub Logistics, p. 1). This has the potential to represent about 60 pct of the average companys working capital. This is capital in limbo that is not maximizing its investment potential.A sign of successful shop floor operations is reliance on very modest warehousing. In other words, warehousing is measured as the amount of days per month a product sits in the warehouse and if logistics is implemented effectively, this number will decrease and stabilize. The retail average storage of inventory is 26 days of investment not being utilized, profit being lost and daily expenses being incurred in an endless holding pattern. In order to reduce the amount of days inventory sits means companies must create tighter relationships with suppliers via the web or perfect a system of communion between resources to cut out warehousing all together. Instead of inventory remaining stored because of wireless communication and data collection, the product can go straight from the supply source to the retailers shelves via a distribution centre that acts much like mail sorting centre. This can work because technology enables a retailer to send data immediately to the supplier of products that are moving off the sh elves with a click of a button. From this electronic message, the supplier knows what the retailer needs, what products are popular, how much and sends then instantly to the retailers distribution centre. In organisations the size of Nestle or Wal-Mart, logistics strategy requires much forethought and planning, as there are many branches and divisions that are involved in the process. The idea is to reduce expenses and increase value to the organisation by make the company more origi inborn and efficient. This needs to be done as seamlessly as possible to continue brand loyalty and customer relations while maintaining market share and competitive advantage. In many ways, death penalty of this strategy creates a delicate balance.In order to have better forebode line to Business or B2B relationships, one must understand the connection. Robert Thierauf and Hoctor (2003) explain, B2B is about connecting shared businesses and information processes of the extended trading networks, p lanning, shipping and logistics, inventory management and customer retention to spot a few (Thierauf Hoctor, p. 181). In other words, an optimized planning process can save billions dollars and allow a multination corporation to carry out its objective and come on market share. This means applying advanced technology such as i2 used by Dell Computers and typical ERP vendors. In todays act of doing business, B2B exchanges are based on supply chain management or SCM technologies (Thierauf Hoctor, 2003, p. 182). This will mean considerable investment in such technology but the benefit of market share will prove it to be a valued investment over the long-run (Burn Hachney 2002 Scerbo 1999).Running these centres effectively certainly poses a altercate of management. Manufacturers must develop new skills and confront channel conflicts with dealers, distributors and independent operators. Leaders in these positions must have an understanding of managing the conflicts in these channel s. But well-managed distribution centres would more than justify the risks, as it would save the organisation a significant amount of overhead.With operating expenses as the main cost, it is possible to make the distribution venture basically self-funding. Facilities can be rented on short-term leases and surrendered if the location isnt successful within a year or two. The cost of goods and labour can be managed as volume grows. Companies should remember that a manufacturers original warranty work usually accounts for about half of the labour expenses and for as much as 20 percent of the total value of services rendered, but these costs are typically charged back to the business unit rather than borne by the companys distribution. In markets poorly served by local dealers or other distributors, for instance, a centre should gear itself to its companys end users or consumers by choosing a high-traffic retail site. Profits at these locations are generated largely through the sale o f accessories and optional services to walk-in or mail order customers outlets thus need appealing product displays or sales presentations.Different kinds of retail distribution centres pursue different economic models. Although gross margins on sales to end-users are higher, orders tend to be smaller. Locations that focus on distributors can achieve scale faster and be just as profitable. The largely similar economics of service centres diversify only according to which customer segment is best served at each location. Companies run their own centres and tie management bonuses to profit and growth goals at each site. Either way, some support functions, such as marketing, human resources and information and financial systems, are best managed at the corporate level.Warehouses and distributions centres are caught in a squeeze between customer service demands and cost drivers. The challenge for most organisations is create a network that can deliver on customer demands while keeping costs down. This is the number challenge in supply chain management. Supply chain management presents a huge under fetching when it comes to overhead operating costs. Many of the tools have come down in price because usability has gotten easier. As a result, more and more companies are adopting a supply chain management philosophy for distribution and are re-evaluating its effectiveness every two years as opposed to before at every five years. Management members are interested to see if the efficiency of the centre matches its service level provided.Research has found a direct relationship between the number of distribution points, transfer of training costs and customer service targets. The network and its design are driven by improvements so that the cost of transportation can be offset. This may include reviewing an organisations transportation arrangements. Loading patterns should also be examined to find ways to cube out containers and trailers (Trunick, p. 1). What possibilit ies can be used to have a cost-effective outcome for the distribution centre? Does this mean consolidating shipments or a move to parcel and less than truckload shipments? Can shipments be combined to make greater use of truck cargo space? Can the organisation hire rail or air as better shipping alternatives to using company trucks over longer distances? In addition to examining loading can the routes used by the trucks be adjusted to be add to cost-efficiency? An organisation would benefit using their states transportation management system or a department of transportation, DOT to map out distribution volumes and patterns. This would help in providing kinetic routing options that can be flexible to change distribution needs in the network. This can benefit the fleet by reducing fuel supply needs and help control costs and usage. These efficiencies would result because the routes would decrease in mileage and also wear/tear on the vehicles and insurance costs.Efficiency inside the quaternity walls of the distribution centre can also be improved. Relatively speaking the size of the average distribution centre has grown from 300,000 square feet to one million square feet (Trunick, p. 2). This is simply due to operating space needed to move inventory from point a to point b. But the real reason the distribution centre is larger today is mainly because organisations have seen the need to put all operations under one roof. By putting multiple facilities into one larger distribution centre improves the time it takes to transport inventory. Still the larger centre is made possible because of improved transportation systems but also implementation new technologies that not only enhance a brick and mortar store but also a virtual one. Plus, the organisation has the manpower under one roof. The company only rents one building and keeps the inventory in one place rather than moving it from warehouse to warehouse. This allows the company to provide better service to th e consumer. Because of these factors, information systems are critical to the success of the larger distribution centre. Data has the need to travel from one area to another and that is why more and more companies are investing in radio frequency terminals both handheld and vehicle mounted.Investment of these RFID systems is not inexpensive and many retailers such Wal-Mart and Target are looking for ways to enrich the present technology and systems without implementing a whole new infrastructure into the walls of the centre. By being able to enhance present systems proves to be cost effective because not only is an upgrade cheaper but also it is easier to train employees to run. It is a companys ability to effectively handle investment of new technologies that allows the centre to run better. Still as Trunick writes, the concern is not found in hardware but in data. Databases have traditionally been incorporate to feed a number of different systems, but thats not a long term archit ectural solution (p. 2). Part of the problem a distribution centre faces with data storage is being able to provide the data in real time and allowing the data to remain clean and not crowd. As a result many companies are searching for better solutions than using RFID in supply chain management. It has not proven to be productive in the distribution centre setting not like 8 percent in the warehouse setting (Trunick, p. 2).One new technology that was introduced to the Nestle facilities management team in 2006 was the use of a computing deviceized tracking system for client user orders. This system was implemented to better track the status of job orders among the team members. This system acted to alert a team member of potential deadlines and current job load status. It also allowed management to better track one-on-one and team progress. This resulted in a monthly recognition program to signify when quotas had been met or when a team member received a client user compliment. Thi s system also had the capability to record the negative such as being late to a service call or failing to complete monitoring of weekly items for inspection. The system would then e-mail the team member and the direct supervisor if such conduct occurred (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 11). This system replaced the old process of tracking client user orders that consisted of logging each order into a spiral notebook. With the advent of the companys intranet site, management hoped to improve communication between the facilities team and the client user by offering an electronic request system. This would reduce the amount of time the facilities team spent fielding phone called requested and allow for multi-tasking of various jobs.What management had hoped the system implementation would result in, did not happen mainly due to team member lack of communication and resistance to change due to a pre-existing TQM elements within the old process of handling client user orders. Managem ent had hoped as the Business dedicate Learning Archive details, automation would exploit available technology to speed up operations, make them more reliable and to reduce unit costs and their risks and costs. This would learn flexibility to the system already in practice (Operations Technology 2005, p. 1). This type of new technology or just-in-time or JIT technology requires careful handling and across-the-board training. What facilities management team leaders had not prepared for was the team member response. Many of them despite being competent, responsible employees did not have knowledge of computer systems. Many of the team members had been with the company over twenty years and had been hired to the division. Many of these types, fall into the category of being older but also having a specific specialization in which they were in the field most of the time (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 24) not requiring any other extensive skills. Another factor management had not anticipated was a considerable language barrier as many team members who had worked together for years, continued working in their native tongue of Spanish. A final aspect of the mixed response for the team had more to do with timing than anything. Management provided a collar-day training session and then allowed two weeks for the new system to be adopted. The transitional period was too short and was met with much resistance from many members of the team. Many did not accept the change or completely understand the new system. Many did not check their email or use the tracking component. Finally, despite company wide advert of the new online request feature, most client users did not use it and continued to phone in requests. This resulted in not a decrease in time spent on the phone but due to the new systems lack transition and rejection by some of the team, the group received three times as many calls in one week (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 33). The team had to hire a temporary employee to aid in taking calls while team leaders provided on the job training and supervised walk-through of the new process. The period of six weeks it took the team to get back up to speed resulted in not only miscommunications among team members but also time lost to better serving the client users. As a result, many of the circulation systems did not receive their weekly maintenance and this negatively affected the climate control performance for the buildings seventh floor northwest boxful (Facilities Training Group 2007, p. 39). With time the team members adjusted to the new technology with few still relying on the hand-written method. Still the process of introducing the system was not handled effectively and resulted in a period of adjustment where many processes met with negative results.OPERATIONS LIFE CYCLEWal-Mart became a textbook example of managing rapid growth without losing circumstances of a companys basic values. In Wal-Marts case, the basic value w as, and is, customer service. Still it was Wal-Marts ability to focus on multiple values that lends to its current success. As technologies changed, American social needs became more immediate d

3D-finite Element Analysis of Beam Design

3D- impermanent Element Analysis of quill DesignAbstractAny externalize and development activities involves in huge amount of metre and bullion in bringing let on the final product to the market, whilst functionality of the product being crucial under all scenarios without fail or malfunctioning oer a period of time.Earlier design was carried out by the conventional methods from planning to final manufacturing of a components and the doings of the product was understood only when it was non meeting its functionality.Recent developments in the above said atomic number 18a is vast, as this enables an engineer to study the behavior of a component/ fabrication, whist suggesting precautionary measures or a possible solution in validating the member thereby saves an organization time and effort.Thanks to the recent developments in the field of Stress analysis, on with the CAD packages, which actually enable us to visualize the component in 3D and analysis and design, validate it before it is actually released for manufacturing. encouragemore the robustness of CAE packages enables us to visualize the behavior of the component/assembly when it is actually put to work defining con builds under which it has to perform.Industries strongly rely on these packages to reduce the time and money involvement of a company and it is chief(prenominal) for an Engineer to adapt the methods presented in this paper in the right approach so as to meet the design criteria which should be practical in nature.IntroductionThis paper demonstrates the Design of a peter which has to be formalize under several constrains/operating conditions, and understand its behavior under these real time situations.Application of Stress methods using satisfying Works Simulation package is demonstrated to understand the behavior of the beam.3D delimited element analysis is one of the approaches in understanding the behavior of the load paths under different situations and with different bou ndary conditions.several(prenominal) beam fractions ar validated to design the best beam under the inclined load conditions and the best beam unspirituald on several criteria atomic number 18 made, by demonstrating several plots. heap/Theoretical calculations and results from Simulation are interpreted in array to study the behavior of the beam.Methods of this Stress Simulation and relevant steps are explained by plotting various plots like the Stress, Displacement and Factor of Safety by relevant comments at certain stages are done for the company to understand the process and design validation.Further it is important for the safety engineer to understand the usage of 3D finite element method so as to interpret the results and to make design changes before the component being put it function.Beam analysis Part 1The figure below shows the beam on which the loads are acting at points P1, P2 and P3 of magnitude 18KN, 26KN and 20KN respectively.Beam 1 and 2 are bolted with pins through the dickens beams and the beam is supported at two locations. Analyzing the above situation, several considerations are needed in order to apply and analyze the situation. The above situation is a case of simply supported beams at either ends and loaded at the center.Design phaseThe given sections are designed using Solid works package as per the dimensions provided.The featherbedwise of beams designed is plotted below.Consider the construct across-section 1 for analysis.Below shows the cross-section 1 with dimensions being A= 0.3m, B=0.3m respectively.3D element solid element type analysis using finite element method cross-section(prenominal) 1 Beam with circular holeAs shown above the assembly is created using solid works as Solidworks.asm format and is meshed and analysis is carried out. Several steps are carried out like constrains, load conditions, assigning material are done in order to study the behavior of the assembly.Load points are defined at three locations as shown either of the beams is connected by means of metal pads of 3mm thick with pins to support them. As we apply the loads at points P1, P2 and P3, simulation is carried out and a report on the desired results is obtained and are plotted below.Further to the design of the beam with relevant dimensions, simulation of the assembly is carried out using Solid works simulation. Several boundary conditions are implied, like the loads at the given locations, applying material, bolts at four locations and finally meshing the assembly to perform the analysis. ingeminate the above procedure for rest of the cross-sections for design of beam, following plots will account for the values of Von-misses direction, displacement and factor of safety.Deflection CalculationsFrom the bending moment diagram, we observe that the maximal deflection occurs at the centre of the beam. The maximum load due to all the three loads can be found out. By using the dogma of Superposition, the deflection due to each load can be interpolated to the centre.Consider a load P acting on a beam AB at a distance of a from end A as shown in figure. The bending moment plot shown in figure above, shows a discontinuity at the point x=a.Solving for each of the lengths of the beamFor length AD,(d2y /dx2) = (M/EI) = (Pbx/EIL) 1Integrating equation 1, we get,y = (Pbx3/6EIL)For length DB,y = (Pax3/2EI) (Pax3/6EIL) + B1x + B2To determine the four constants A1 and A2, two boundary conditions and two continuity conditions are custom.For segment AD, y (0) = 0 = A2For segment DB,y (L) = 0 = (PaL2/3EI) + B1L + B2Equating the deflections and slope on both segments at x=a, and solving the four equations, we get,A1 = (Pb/6EIL) (L2 b2)A1 = 0B1 = (Pa/6EIL) (2L2 + a2)B2 = (Pa3/6EI)Hence we get the following equation, for length ADy = (Pbx/6EIL) (x2 L2 + b2) . (2)Considering the load P1 = 18KN, the deflection at midpoint, we have,P = 18000N, x = 1.4m, b = 1.9m, L = 2.8m, E = 220 X 109N/m2. Substituting these values in equation (2), we gety = (2.9407 X 10-8) / I mHence, below are the valuesFor cross section 1 y1circle = 0.04523mmFor cross section 2 y1oct = 0.0454mmFor cross section 3 y1sqr = 0.0465mmFor cross section 4 y1isect = 0.06022mmFor segment AD, using the expressions obtained for B1 and B2 in the deflection equation, we get,y = (Pa/6EIL) (x3/2) (x3/6L) x (2L2 + a2)/6L + (a2/6) 2Considering the load P2 = 20KN, deflection at mid point can be coded using,P = 20000N, x = 1.4m, a = 1.7m, L = 2.8m, E = 220 X 109 N/m2.Substituting the above values in equation (2), the deflection at mid point D is found to bey = (2.2074 X 10-8)/I mHence,For cross section 1 y2circle = 0.03395mmFor cross section 2 y2oct = 0.0341mmFor cross section 3 y2sqr = 0.0349mmFor cross section 4 y2isect = 0.0452mmSimilarly, considering the load P3 = 26000N, deflection at mid point is,y = (54.0484 X 10-9)/I mHence,For cross section 1 y3circle = 0.0831mmFor cross section 2 y3oct = 0.0835mmFor cross section 3 y3sqr = 0.0854mmFor cross section 4 y3isect = 0.1107mmTotal deflection is given byy = y1 + y2 + y3Hence,For cross section 1 y = 0.1622mmFor cross section 2 y = 0.1630mmFor cross section 3 y = 0.1668mmFor cross section 4 y = 0.2161mmFactor of safety for the beams.Factor of safety is given by the formulaFOS = ?yield / ?maxGiven, yield stress of the material, ?yield = 650N/mm2Using the above info, we get,For cross section 1 FOS = (650/8.6) = 75.58For cross section 2 FOS = (650/8.64) = 75.23For cross section 3 FOS = (650/8.84) = 73.53For cross section 4 FOS = (650/11.46) = 56.72By the above results, the cross section with the highest FOS can be chosen for designing the beam. Hence it can be recommended to choose the cross section with circular hole for final design.Part 2The zone is red color is critical, means it has high stress and displacement. Hence clamping utilize will play a major role.From the plot, the maximum displacement at this location is 0.6511 mm, which is less than the cust omers expectations and hence the design is safe.As this displacement is almost 3.8 times of the specified value 2.5mm, no design changes or precautions would be needed. Therefore, utmost displacement Specified value.Part 3Finite element method is one of the methods widely used and applied among the industries in the recent years and is used to study the behavior of the part by assigning various properties on to it.Method of simulationStatic studies in Solid works simulation calculate displacements, reaction forces, strains, stresses, failure criterion, factor of safety, and error estimates. Available loading conditions include point, line, surface, acceleration (volume) and thermal loads are available.Below criteria are important and are followed in this document so as to obtain values which are realistic in natureThe approach is done in three phases and are, quarter up assembly-Phase 1Defining load points-Phase 2Simulation-Phase 3Phase 1.Assembly of beams with relevant dimensions was done with fully defining the sketch geometry.Generating bosses with desired lengths and creating the indite as needed.Mates being defined between each parts using mate options in assembly mode.Phase 2.Split of 10mm was done at the top surface of the beam was done in order to imply point loads.Phase 3.Solid works simulation tool was used to inlet the simulation options.Steel was applied from the material database for all the components in the assembly.Connections were defined so as to make the assembly a rigid structure by defining the locations and this creates an effect of holding both the beams by means of bolts.Fixtures create an effect of holding the beam as required and are done at the either ends.Loads in terms of Newton were applied on to the points which were defined at phase 2.Mesh size was defined for the entire assembly and this inturn divides the geometry and several nodes are created for analysis. ultimately the meshed model will provide us the study report, Von-m isses stress, Factor of safety and Displacement of all the four cross-sections are obtained.Possible mistakes in simulationIt is up to the safety engineer in order to take extreme care before the analysis is performed so as to avoid the failure or inaccurate results during or before the simulation is actually performed. Mistakes should be avoided to the maximum extent while conducting simulation, as this might deflect the results and are not practical in nature and hence lead to misinterpretation.Some of them are listed below.Applying the material This result in wrong stress and strain plots, displacement plots, Factor of safety, this inturn results in wrong load path distribution.Defining boundary conditions Defining boundary conditions is crucial in terms of accurate results. Loadings should be done as per the real situation and unwanted assumptions have to be avoided.Generating mesh Applying mesh is one of the important criteria as this procedure being the base on which the elem ents of the member or the beam is divided into several millions of individual pieces and are analyzed by applying degrees of freedom.Mesh size Mesh size is important in order the material/component to take the load conditions. Larger mesh could result in small deflection and results may not be practical in nature.Clamping face Wrong clamping face in simulation would completely alter the end result and this leads in wrong interpretation of the results obtained from the stress plot, displacement plots and Factor of safety.Mesh sizes and typesSolid works simulation currently includes solid continuum elements, curved surface shell elements (thin and thick) and truss and frame line elements. The shells are triangular with three vertex nodes or three vertex and three mid-edge nodes. Solids are tetrahedral with four vertex nodes or four vertex and six mid-edge nodes. They use linear and quadratic interpolation for the solution establish on whether they have two or three nodes on an edge. T he linear elements are also called simplex elements because their number of vertices is one more than the dimension of the space. The size of each element indicates a region where the solution is approximated by a spatial polynomial. Most finite element systems, including SW Simulation, use linear or quadratic complete polynomials in each element. You can tell by inspection which is being used by looking at an element edge. If that line has two nodes the polynomial is linear.If it has three nodes then the polynomial is quadratic.When the model is set for simulation, the program sub-divides the model into some tetrahedral small elements, these small points share a common point called as NODE. Below shows the small element where a common node is shared by curves, lines and edges.Difference between hand calculation and simulationFew difference do exists between theoretical and hand calculations.Hand calculations Hand calculations are a good deal called as theoretical calculations, be cause of the fact that it does not take into consideration of several constrains could not be defined as we could do it in simulations.Material cannot be assigned in hand calculations.Mesh cannot be created for better and accurate result.Deflection, stress plot, displacement plots could not be visualized in hand calculations.Several assumptions might be required and thereby accounts in the deviation of the result from that of simulation.Hand calculations are based on the available formulae like from the design data hand book and are not different compared to simulation results.Result analysis like the animation of the result and high stress regions could not be obtained from hand calculations.Changes in boundary conditions would require repeating the procedure in hand calculations and time consuming process.ConclusionStudy of 3D-Finite element analysis of beam design assembly, address the capabilities of simulation. The idea of using the presented methods and techniques helps in opt imizing the product before manufactured.This helps an industry in being changing their design at this stage based on the results obtained from simulation. Simple to complex parts/assemblies are simulated by this method, by defining several boundary conditions.The advancement in FEA area is vast, and has the capabilities of creating an surround of real time engineering situation and much finer results could also be obtained, as it provides options for finer mesh and hence more accurate the results.Finally this method of optimizing or validating the product at the initial level before design is done, has its own advantages, whilst it is worth understanding the customers requirement along with understanding the basic concepts of FEA makes a worth effort towards any engineering problem.Hence I strongly suggest for any organization to follow the process of FEA and get the full benefit of the same, as they could save time in the process of optimization of the product.ReferencesClass tutor ial.S Timo shenko and D H young. 5th Edition. Elements of strength of materials. strong point of materials by Bela I. Sandor.Solid works study material.Strength of materials by Ferdinand L. Singer and Andrew Pytel, 3rd EditionStrength of materials by Surya Patnaik and Dale Hopkins, Title A new unite theory for the 21st century.

Anti-bribery laws in the U.S: Ethics and Airbus Essay -- internationa

International employment is risky especially when companies involved play by a different dictated of rules. Knowing the differences in culture, politics and the primary legal environments of a host country, allows the companies to conduct business and make quality decisions based on the business climate, creating a market mix specific to each country and region (CSU, module 3, 2014). Detailed research helps companies create a solid marketing mix, but does not guarantee that the obstacles of pay take aways and bribery wont hinder the outcome. Below the surface level of many a(prenominal) sales negotiations, manage those seen in our case study of Boeing and Airbus, be driven not on their marketing mix, quality, reputation or reach, but rather on power, bribery, politics and corruption, which plays a very real role in world-wide business negotiations. Anti-bribery laws in the U.S. were established to prevent the rampant corruption exhibited in the Airbus case study. Simil ar anti-corruption laws do not exist in many of the host countries the U.S. does business with. Host countys laws and regulations take on different forms especially when power, money and politics are involved, manipulating or creating a new set of rules to benefit their own selfish needs. Savvy sales negotiators, like those at Airbus, seek opportunities through loop holes, off shore accounts and large sums of bribery money, to entice country officials or others with the authority to make purchases to commit to Airbus. A more uniform worldwide approach to international laws needs to be adapted, implemented and more importantly enforced, so all companies involved can conduct fair business practices under the same set of rules. Legal or Illegal who Benefits Airbus and... ...d sets the foundation for companies to mitigate disputes through conciliation, arbitration, or, as a last resort, litigation. Most international businesspeople prefer a declaration through arbitration rat her than by suing a foreign company (Cateora, Gilly & Graham, 2013). Based on marketing strategy, had Airbus adopted anti bribery laws prior to the many cases in question, the outcome might not be favorable to them. It would not have been in the best interest of Airbus to follow commonly accepted business practices established by the U.S.. Works CitedCateora, P., Gilly, M., & Graham, J. (2013). International Marketing 16th edition New York, N.Y Mc Graw-Hill Irwin companies, Inc. Colorado State University-Global Campus. (2010). Case 2-4 - Ethic and Airbus Blackboard ecourse. In MKG four hundred International and Multi-Cultural Marketing. Greenwood Village, CO.