The falliability of sense experience Essay Example for Free

The f everyiability of sand visit Essay unmatched of the foremost nonions concerning the rise of empiricism and the natural sciences, French thinker and mathematician Rene Descartes, also considered as the father of groundbreaking philosophy, proposes the use of methodological uncertainty in drift for knowledge to be regardd with absolute certainty. His work, Meditations on First philosophical system, contains ontological arguments which deny the reliance on the signifieds as the ample source in get wind absolute knowledge.As a mathematician, his approach concerning the acquisition of knowledge is with substantial proof which forms the buttocks of empiricism, as well as the foundation of the antithetic disciplines in science. Cartesian rationalism provides the understanding of a posteriori leaven in localise for a phenomenon or study to be considered legitimate. The work is narrated in the initiatory person perspective as Descartes acts as the mediator on the infallibility of the consciousnesss through the use of ontological arguments which determine the source and join of knowledge as well as the proof of Gods existence.The first-person school principal of view is essential in understanding Descartes philosophy as an documentary refutation of all the disposed objects that atomic number 18 naturally perceive by the senses. The concept of universality on sense experience, through the narration, provides an objective analysis of the problem which Descartes offers to solve through the use of interrogation.This doubt however is not of the skeptic spirit which ultimately denies the possibility of acquiring knowledge the Cartesian doubt is methodological, it offers a complete denial of all existing objects generated by the senses in target to determine the accredited underlying truth which in make for becomes the foundation of confessedly knowledge. As much(prenominal), the dream argument from the first incite of the Meditations presents the unreliable nature of sense experience in terms of determining sureity or universal objects of experience.The argument generally centers on the apparention between the adjoin of dreaming and the waking experience which completely garbles the concept of a true reality. The Dream Argument The dream argument is narrated as thus Suppose then that I am dreaming, and that these particulars that my eyes be open, that I am moving my head and stretching out my hands ar not true. Perhaps, indeed, I do not even have much(prenominal)(prenominal) hands or such a body at all.Nonetheless, it must surely be admitted that the visions which come in sleep are like pictorial matters, which must have been fashioned in the likeness of things that are real, and hence that at least(prenominal) these general kinds of things are things which are not imaginary but are real and exist. (Descartes, 1996, 13) The first part of the Meditations loves with the proposal of doubt, which argue s for the indemnification of the senses as a fallacious source of determining experiences But from duration to time I have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceive us even once. From all experiences that have deceived the mediator, it is deemed prudent to be doubt present knowledge in order to know the truth. The dream argument follows from the methodological doubt as a way of determining real experiences from illusions. Descartes narrates that a dream experience provides him an understanding of an object itself. For example, a dream involving a chair may be interpreted that the chair is indeed real because we sense it. We see the chair in the oral sexs eye and there we perceive it to be true.However, when we wake, we still perceive a chair which is away(p) the dream and therefore can still be considered real. The confusion between 2 realities is the main dissertation of Descartes dream argument where he places disregard with the sense. Thus, he relates the relationship between dreaming and real experience as that of a painting. The painter creates a mermaid where each part of the character is found from an existing or real object. The mermaid has a body of a fish and the torso of a human which are two separate objects forming a whole picture.The real object of experience becomes the basis for the formation of objects in dreams and both experiences provide a sense of reality. The problem arises whether the realness in dream experience may be considered to be true. Descartes answers this problem with doubt an individual cannot doubt the specific parts of a whole. Taking from the painting analogy, doubt can only be applicable to the painting itself (e. g. mermaid) whether it really exists but the parts such as the legs, arms, torso, and body cannot be doubted since they are real that provide the basis of the illusion.Descartes relates the analogy to the study of the different sciences wherein each discipline which depends on the study of composite objects can be considered doubtful (e. g. physics, astronomy) while disciplines that deal with the simplest or general form (e. g. mathematics, geometry) are considered universals or certain. Thus, the dream argument may be summarized as follows the senses are an unreliable source of determining knowledge since dream experiences may be considered real because it relies on the senses to be real.Therefore, when we wake up, the objects around us lead us to doubt its existence because we perceive such objects through the senses. The dream argument leads to the formation of the Cartesian doubt, which necessarily denies the reliance of sense perception and offers as logical argument concerning the acquisition of truth. Critical Evaluation The dream argument provides the basis of Descartes methodological doubt where the senses provide a false impression of reality. His propositions are based on the dependence of empirical evidence rather than reliance to illusion.Indeed sense perception may fully deceive the person, through the objects are not what they seem argument. The dream arguments distinctions provide support on method to doubt all existing forms of knowledge perceived by the sense in order to be be its validity. Descartes propositions are considered true in the sense that the dream argument provides substantial evidence supporting the infallibility of sense perception. The evidence provided in the dream argument as well as in the painting analogy offers enough proof to distinguish illusion from reality.For instance, when a person is awake, he or she experiences object through the sense thus he or she perceives such experiences or objects to be true. These experiences leave an imprint on the mind and when we dream, these objects come into reality because we perceive it as such. This argument reinforces the process of doubt in order to determine with absolute certainty the real foundations of knowledge. The d oubt that comes after the unreliability of the senses is then necessary to determine a firm foundation in which true knowledge to be based.This doubt is clearly distinct from the classical conception of incredulity wherein it denies the possibility of existing knowledge and offers doubt as a marrow of achieving intellectual tranquility It skepticism is also the ephetic (suspending) from the experience which the inquirer feels after the search . The distinction between the two systems of thought is that Cartesian doubt offers a denial of existing knowledge created through perception whereas skepticism doubts the possibility of acquiring knowledge itself. However, the dream argument necessarily implies the universal experience of dreaming or a selective dream experience.The selective dream is identified when an individual is dreaming, he or she wakes up from such and the dilemma lies whether which reality is true. The universal concept of dreaming on the otherwise hand travel unde r the general experience of individuals that life is in itself a dream and there is no such thing as a waking experience. This poses a problem on the existence of a true reality which leads to confusion between the relationship of the senses, body, and the intellect. If the senses cannot be trusted, then what do we use to determine real objects from mere illusions?It may be considered as one of the weak points in the dream argument as there is no clear identification of what can be considered to be a true reality. The images perceived by the sense ultimately influence the objects in dreams and since it relies on the sense, it is considered to be real. This problem is answered with the Cartesian doubt itself it merely provides a persuasion for the individual to not rely on the senses and instead empirically reason knowledge based on substantial evidence and proof through logic and deduction reasoning.This process inevitably leads to the foundation of the scientific method wherein f acts are be through observation, evidence, deduction, and conclusion in order to be construed as valid. From this notion, proof provides objectivity and universality which Descartes does not consider such subjects to be fixed under doubt because it is already considered certain. Mathematics and Geometry are considered certain knowledge and physical existence is not a concern because of its deterministic essence. However, objects which fall a composite essence are subject to doubt.In conclusion, Descartes dream argument and the dilemma of reality are answered through the use of doubt and logic. Doubt counters the infallibility of the sense to clearly deny all prior knowledge since the senses provide misinterpretations or illusions. system of logic on the other hand answers to the problem posed by the dualistic reality caused by the dream and waking phenomenon. Logic dictates the identification of the true reality even with the problem of the senses as something that can be physica lly proven in order to be considered real.This physical essence is not of the material sense but instead uses deduction in order to be considered true. For example, a chair conceived in a dream may be logically explained as an immaterial existence because it does not fully provide the real essence of a chair (e. g. form, shape, measure) which are considered as certain subjects or universals. As the senses cannot entirely function as a basis in determining true knowledge or experience, logic becomes the characterizing means in order to counter the illusions perceived by the senses.Metaphysically, the use of logic enables the mind to think and prove experiences based on evidence rather than a garbled and subjective conception of an idea. Bibliography Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy with Selections from the Objections and Replies. Translated by J. Cottingham. New York Cambridge University Press, 1996. Empiricus, Sextus. Selections from the Major Writings on Skepticism, Man God. Translated by Samuel Etheridge. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing, 1985.