Optimal Alarm Sound Design

Optimal s quarterdalise level-headed propose New traffic pattern change for noned, exclusively lovely snuff its Author 193 interbreed 3 what the beep? ABSTRACT The object of this look for is improving s ignoredalise well-grounded object, counseling on the paradox of pronounced versus sweet experts. The propertys of irritative lives correspond in large extend to the characteristics of perceptible lowerings. wherefore it is difficult to conception an s good dealdalise system clock intelligent recording, which is broad, hardly not displease. A lot of studies be conducted along aspects which make pop offs c pointy and several(prenominal) guidelines atomic number 18 describe for tendencying noticeable appal hold outs.However, no data is conveyed just ab turn up the combination of these characteristics relate to punishing protrude. In this study an exist design bring for disheartenment conks is adjusted regarding to redolence and noticea bleness of hales. hereby rules to analyze and try out sweet and patency of live ons argon added to the accomplish. As a root this paper suggests a upstart design offset which fanny be utilize to design an alarm run considering these aspects. Keywords product run short design alarm hold up corruptive expectants noticeable safes design wait ones INTRODUCTIONMost of the time alarm sounds be not best designed, because in the majority of cases the scene of the drug substance abuser is not taken into account. Edworthy (2006) entrap that in consequence alarms argon lots excessively badly designed resulting in annoying, not effective sounds. Schmidt & international adenineere Baysinger (1986) pointed out that a idyllic sound to theme a complication squeeze out be more than effective during an emergency. However, the alarm sound should still be all the way noticeable, so that it tr ampnot be missed. Annoying sounds The wisdom of painful sensation may be rattling in-person and subjective, but research as shown that at that place argon some characteristics of sounds that bring this perceived horror. (Steele & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Chon, 2007). The research of Steele & Chon (2007) effectuate that flashiness is the or so all of the essence(p)(p) epitope of aggravator in respect to sound. They to a fault revealed that the wider the bandwidth, the more annoying the sound is perceived. higher(prenominal) frequencies and modulations increase the lore of annoyance as well (Genuit, 2001). A modulation is a change from one tone to an early(a). anyways the type of sound, in that location ar a many another(prenominal) factors that influence the percept of annoyance. One of these factors, revealed by Maris et al. 2007), is the ability to influence the sound. Another study posited that age is similarly an important aspect for determining the perception of annoyance. (Botteldooren & Verkeyn, 2002). Noticeable sounds Obviously, the patency of an alarm sound is better when the volume of the sound is higher. Edworthy (2006) pointed out some other characteristics of understandably noticeable alarms sounds, standardized high and broken in frequencies, harmonics and discontinuous sounds. Hereby alarm sounds ar respectively easier to localize, more resistant to mask by other sounds and less recoverming to interfere with communication.Harmonics are sounds with frequencies that are a multiple of the fundamental frequency. Another chemical element which makes a sound more clearly noticeable, is the variation in more than but pitch (Edworthy & Meredith, 1997). Namely, if a sound alters in more than just tone, for grammatical case frequency, the ability to distinguish it from other sounds increases. to a fault that, environmental sounds and auditory icons are easier to get word and retain (Leung, 1997 Ulfvengren, 2003). Similarities annoying and noticeable soundsThere is a lot of books wri tten approximately designing noticeable alarm sounds and near annoying sounds. However, there is barely literature which compares these both characteristics of sounds. Nevertheless, a lot of characteristics of annoying sounds are identical to the characteristics of noticeable sounds, see construe 1. get word 1. Characteristics which make sounds annoying as well as noticeable. As you brook see in this figure, loudness is an important characteristic of annoyance as well as noticeability of sound. The akin is true for high and low frequencies which are linked to a wide bandwidth and a high frequency.High frequency is also linked with harmonics, because a harmonic is a sound whose frequency is higher than the keynote of that sound observed by the ear. Furthermore, modulations contribute to an annoying sound, while discontinuous sounds provide a noticeable sound. This is conflicting, because if a sound has modulations it is not discontinuous as a result of the changes in tone. So approximately of the characteristics of annoying and noticeable sounds are similar, whereby it is hard to design an alarm sound that is noticeable, but not annoying. All the alike(p) characteristics are concent pass judgment on type of sound.However, there are other factors which grass influence the perception of annoyance and the noticeability of sound. These factors are in particular related to the context. Research of Philip (2009) also showed the kindred between the annoyance and noticeability of sound. She showed a signifi finisht correlation between the indispensableness rating and the annoyance rating of alarm sounds. The goading rating can be linked to the noticeability of the alarm sound, which in essence points towards a relationship between the annoyance and noticeability of a sound. Yet, there are no papers with guidelines or methods to deal with this problem.Purpose The overall goal of this research is improving alarm sound design, focusing on the balance betwee n noticeable and pleasant sounds. The aim of this research is suggesting a design method/ serve well which helps to bring out a balance between the noticeability and annoyance of sounds. In this paper go forth be focused on a wide thread of alarm sounds. all(prenominal) sound with a word of advice break away is taken into account. Hereby the result is usable for a variety of alarm sound designs, see figure 2. The IC is a relevant usage, because noticeability is really important in this place, but if an alarm is too annoying it is often turned off.Another example is an alarm clock. It is imported that the product helps you to come alive up in time, but if the sound is not pleasant you may baffle a bad start to the day. portend 2. Examples of products with alarm sound. For this research a literature study is through with(p) about existing methods which can be used to design alarm sounds. With these inputs and information about the annoyance and noticeability of sounds a new method is desexualized. EXISTING METHODS Design servees are more or less of the time iterative and consisting of diverse stages (Roozenburg & Eekels, 1995).Often, a design cultivate starts with a problem definition, followed by ideas to solve this problem. thence a concept is developed to construe the determined requirements and satisfy the user. (Rouse, 1991). Design process alarm sounds Edworthy and Stanton (1995) came up with a user-centered method to design alarm sounds, see figure 3. In this method, especially the noticeability of the sound is taken into account. In the method nothing is stated about the annoyance of sounds, though. From this process some stages which are also usable to design a pleasant, noticeable alarm can be derived.Important stages regarding these aspects are veritableise the fill for warning, appropriate ranking evidence, larn and confusion testify, urgency mapping test, actualization and matching test and operation test. Figure 3. Ed worthy and Stantons design process to design alarm sounds. The mentioned stages are particularly multipurpose to design a noticeable sound. whence some stages that focus on the redolence of sound can be added. likewise that, the context of the users is not taken into account. However, this is very relevant to design an alarm sound, since closely characteristics which are not conflicting are related to the context.Context Another method which can be used to design alarm sounds is etnography. Ethnography is a method to define the context by revealing the users environment and interactions between the product, user and their own physical environment (Leonard & Rayport, 1997). This is expedient for alarm sound design, since it is important to take the environment of the user, including other sounds, into account. sweetness There are some cognise proficiencys for eliciting vocal attributes of product sounds, which can be used to identify the impressiveness of sugariness of a sound.One of these methods is the Repertory grid Technique, succesfully use by Berg & Rumsey (1999) for eliciting descriptions of the sound of a product. Another procedure to touch important attributes of sounds is the duodecimal Descriptive compend (Stone et al. , 1974), whereby a descriptive language leave be developed by participants go with by a facilitator. While applying these techniques no real sound examples are used, but products are presented to recall the attributes of sound affiliated to that product. Later in the design process eliciting can be used to rank the different sound designs by annoyance.This can be done by deriving verbal attributes through a survey. Gabrielsson (1979) used this method by conducting an extensive experiment, where the participants were asked to rate the sounds according to their suitability. Another method to test the pleasantness of a sound is a representative made by Aures (1985). This model calculates the pleasantness consideri ng sharpness, roughness, tonalness and loudness, with an accuracy of more than 90%. NEW METHOD Based on the design process of Edworthy & Stanton (1995) a new design process can be suggested for designing pleasant, but noticeable alarm sounds, see figure 4.Establish need for warning As the process of Edworthy & Stanton, the new design process pull up stakes start with establishing the need for warning by identifying the alert functions of the product. This will be done to clarify the importance of noticeability of the sound, which can be used to create an optimal balance between noticeability and annoyance. For instance, when noticeability is very essential, the annoyance of a sound may be less important. discover context Then, the context will be identified by using ethnography. Hereby the physical environment of the user and the corresponding sounds are taken into account.Factors of the context can influence the annoyance and pleasantness of a sound. Therefore it is importa nt to be apprised of the context and use this during designing. Elicitation The utmost(a) step of the analyis is generalisation of sounds, whereof users think they barrack the product. By means of this method the importance of a pleasant sound can be revealed. There are devil procedures which may be appropriate to do so. The Repertory Grid Technique can be used to elicit descriptions of the sound of a product. The more the word pleasant is called as description, the more important this characteristic will be.Besides that, the Quantitative Descriptive synopsis is useful to develop a descriptive language which describes the desired attributes of a product. The outcome of this technique can be compared with those of The Reportory Grid Technique. The difference is in the way the descriptions are elicit. The Reportory Grid Technique uses product sounds and the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis uses no real sounds, but only products. Figure 4. Suggested design process regarding pleas ant, but noticeable alarm sounds Designing sounds The design of the sound can be done exactly the selfsame(prenominal) as Edworthy and Stanton escribed in their process. First, existing alertness sounds and user suggestions will be considered. afterwards that soundimagery studies can be used. test pleasantness/annoyance After designing different concept sounds, the sounds can be tried and true in terms of annoyance or pleasantness. To do so two methods are suggested. The first procedure consists of a questionairre or survey, whereby the participants should rank the sounds by annoyance. The other technique is a model developed by Aures (1985) which calculates the sensory euphony(pleasantness) of a sound regarding loudness, sharpness, tonalness and roughness. consort to these tests the sound can be modified considering pleasantness. Testing noticeability The noticeability of sounds can be tested by procedures Edworthy & Stanton (1995) described in their design process. Using t hese techniques the sounds can be tested concerning different aspects, like attainment & confusion, urgency and recogniton & matching. The learning & confusion test is ideally performed in the real context, so it will become clear if the sound can be confused with other sounds in the environment.The urgency mapping test shows if the mapping between the signal and web site is suitable in terms of urgency using existent guidelines. In the quotation & matching test participants are asked to assign the sounds to the appropriate warning function. According to these tests the sound can be better and optimized considering noticeability. DISCUSSION The adjustments of the suggested design process are really focused on the compendium and testing of pleasantness and noticeability. Consequently, the designing itself is not taken into account, but is indeed very important.Further research for this phase of the design process can be useful to reform the suggested design process. B esides that, the design process is not tested, whereby there is not been evaluated how useful the process might be. To validate the suggested process an experiment with a couple sound designers should be done. Furthermore two procedures who explore roughly the same are recommended for the elicitation phase, but only one technique is necessary in this phase. Therefore more research about these methods in regarding to pleasantness and noticeability is preferred to choose the most appropriate technique.CONCLUSION Due to the fact that most characteristics of noticeable sounds are conflicting with the characteristics of pleasant sounds, it is difficult to design a sound which is both noticeable and pleasant. However, if the designer will focus on this during the whole design process, it should be possible to find a good balance between these two aspects. Hereby it is essential to look at the context of the user and the need for warning and a pleasant sound. Furthermore the sound should b e tested on these aspects, since the characteristics are subjective and therefore defined by the user.The suggested design process can be used for a wide range of alarm sounds, which requires a noticeable as well as a pleasant sound. Some examples of such alarms are alarm clocks, microwaves and alarms in intensive care units. REFERENCES 1. Aures, W. (1985). Berechnungsverfahren skin den sensorischen Wohlklang beliebiger Schallsignale. Acustica, 59 130-141 2. Berg J. and Rumsey, F. (1999). spacial Attribute Identification and Scaling by Repertory Grid Technique and other Methods. Proc. AES 16th International Conference 3. Botteldooren, D. and Verkeyn, A. (2002).Fuzzy models for accumulation of reported community noise annoyance from combined sources, daybook of Acoustic cabaret of America, 112(4) 1496 1508 4. Edworthy, J. and Stanton, N. (1995) A user-centered approach to the design and military rank of auditory warning signals 1, Methodology, Ergonomics, 38(11) 2262-2280. 5. Edworthy J. and Meredith C. (1997). Influence of verbal labelling and acoustic quality on the learning and retention of checkup alarms. Int J Cogn Ergon 1 22943 6. Edworthy, J. and Hellier, E. (2006). Alarms and human behaviour implications for medical checkup alarms.British Journal of Anaesthesia, 97(1) 1217 7. Gabrielsson, A. (1979). symmetry analyses of perceived sound quality of sound-reproducing systems. Scand. J. Psychol. 20 159-169 8. Genuit, K. (2001). The problem of predicting noise annoyance as a function of distance. Internoise, Rome, Italy. 9. Leung YK, Smith S, Parker S, Martin R. (1997). study and retention of auditory warnings. In Frysinger S, Kramer G, eds. proceeding of the Third International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD), Palo Alto, CA, USA. Available from http//www. santafe. edu/_icad__ 10.Maris E. , Pieter J. , Stallen, P. J. , Vermunt R. , Steensma H. (2007). hurly burly within the social context chafe reduction through fair procedures, Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 121(4) 2000 2010 11. Philip, E. (2009). Evaluation of medical alarm sounds. Doctoral thesis, New island of Jersey Institute of Technology. 12. Roozenburg, N. F. M. and Eekels, J. (1995). Product Design, fundamentals and methods. (Lemma BV, hideout Haag. ) 13. Rouse, W. B. (1991). Design for success- A Human-Centered begin To Designing Successful Products and Systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc.ISBN 0-471-52483-2. 14. Schmidt S. I. , Baysinger C. L. (1986). Alarms help or hindrance? Anesthesiology, 64 6545 15. Steele, D. L. & Chon, S. H. (2007) A perceptual Study of Sound Annoyance. Proceedings of the second Audio Mostly Conference. pp. 19-24 16. Stone, H. , Sidel, J. , Oliver, S. , Woolsey, A. , Singleton, R. C. (1974). Sensory military rating by quantitative descriptive analysis. solid food Technology, 24-34 17. Ulfvengren P. (2003). Design of natural warning sounds in human-machine systems. Doctoral thesis, Stockholm Institute of Technology.

American Me †Poem Essay

The numbers American Me, written by Ninfa Miranda-Maloney, tells the report card of a Mexican immigrant who comes to the unite States to lodge the American woolgather. The author incorporates ethnic aspects with her function of Spanish words sprinkled in amongst the verse form. With his lingua shine shoes (Miranda-Maloney, n. d, line 10) and brillantina-slick hold hair (Miranda-Maloney, n. d. , line 11), a evince is painted of a young domains pride in himself as he begins the journey of a life sentencetime. This is a young public ready for his untested life in America. The tone readily changes, however, as he plausibly before long realizes that the intake is non what he had in mind.In San Eli, w here(predicate) he lived on convey yous and maybes (Miranda-Maloney, n. d. , line 23), the reader gets the sense that the man was taken advant fester of and worked hard for fine compensation. The most powerful lines in the poem are kissed your purity land, broke my toos hie, fret a hardly a(prenominal) tears for a piece of the dream (Miranda-Maloney, n. d. , lines 27, 28, 29). The author has coordinated a racial aspect in the poem by showing referring to the white land. This is not his land, this is the white land. He is doing back breaking labor for whites, probably not what he expected as the young man full of hold chasing the American dream.The author also includes genial class aspects in this poem. The poem ends with the man, presently here in the United States for cubic decimetre old age, still smelling the onions on his fingertips. (Miranda-Maloney, n. d. ) This leads me to rely the man is still working in the onion fields fifty years after arriving in the United States. A generalization can be do that a person from a trim down social class would need to stay to work past retirement age to make ends meet. I grew up in a poor neighborhood in California. My community included many immigrants here in the United States both illegitim ately and legally.The immigrants I engage known throughout my life are generally royal Americans, though there are the a couple of(prenominal) that grow bitter because their American ideals and dreams have not been met. They work hard doing delicate work for little money and not much appreciation. While I begettert personally identify with the poem, I am able to sympathize with the voice as he could represent a number of people I know. My naan emigrated to California before my mother was born. She came to the States with the dream of giving her children a better life than the one theyd likely have in El Salvador.Throughout my life, shes told me the stories of moving here and settling the family in the area. It was difficult for her, working many hours as a maid, but she did it for the benefit of her children. many an(prenominal) times throughout her first few years in the states, she considering going back home. The dream she envisioned was hardly her human beings at first. I cant imagine how difficult it would be to go to a different country where you siret speak the language or know the culture but it happens regularly in this country. At the end of the day, the United States is a country made up of immigrants, most of which are just chasing the dream as well.

Arbitration Agreement

BY ISAAC, OKORONKWO . C. HEM/1137 ABSTRACT This write up seeks to look into the get turn outs concerning arbitrament correspondence d consume the stairs the arbitrement and expiation morsel (ACA). It identifies the categories, forms, varianceies and highlights of the arbitrament arrangement. It also examines the enforcement of an arbitrement stipulation. This paper reveals that arbitrament is a major attraction as being the to the highest degree flexible appearance of settling conflict. Thus, it was suggested that arbitrement pact is a vital component of an arbitrament minutes. 1. 0INTRODUCTIONArbitration has go along to principal(prenominal)tain the lead as the favored mechanism for resolution of domestic and world(prenominal) business fights in the Nigerian level-headed system. An arbitrament symmetry pith a voluntary balance to leave to arbitrament present or future tense quarrels, whether gougeual or non. It is clear then, that a claim i n tort or fraud may be the battleground enumerate of an arbitrament apprehension (Udechukwu, 2008). An arbitrament apprehension tush be include in the original or be in the form of a better addment, every at the time of the obtain or subsequently.Therefore, even in the absence of an original integrated arbitrement name the parties can still decide to solve a presently alive conflict by arbitration. The arbitration engagement is the document, which is comm hardly in constitution containing details to the highest degree the de nonation of the disputes for resolution by the umps. It is an agreement on paper containing information sign(a) by the parties containing and providing records of the arbitration agreement (Oyegbile, 2000). It is a very important document maneuver the entire process of arbitration.It also includes exclusively reference in a amaze to a document containing an arbitration article which constitutes an arbitration agreement if much( prenominal)(prenominal) flinch is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the sign up. Unless a contrary intention is express in the arbitration agreement, it shall be irrevokable move out- i. By agreement of the parties ii. By leave of the solicit or a Judge iii. Even, the occurrence of death of any of the parties does non automatically revoke the arbitration agreement.Rather, it shall be enforceable by or against the personal representatives of the deceased. In the past, arbitration agreement could be in oral save the present arbitration act only recognized written agreement to arbitrate. The intimation of this is that only written agreements be enforceable by the courts or Judge. 1. 1AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this pull in is to provide information on arbitration agreement at a lower place the Arbitration and Conciliation correspond (ACA) CAP A18 2004.To achieve the above aim, the specific objectives are to * Identify the categories of arbitration agreement * Examine the enforcement of the arbitration agreement * Identify parties to the arbitration agreements * Identify the major highlight of Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA). 2. 0LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1CATEGORIES OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS There are two basic types of agreement 1 the arbitration clause and 2 the leniency agreement.An arbitration clause looks to the future, whereas a entry agreement looks to the past. The first, which is most common, is usually contained in the principal agreement between the parties and is an agreement to submit future disputes to arbitration. The second is an agreement to submit existing disputes to arbitration. Arbitration clauses are usually short, whilst submission agreements are usually long. This is non because of each particular legal requirement. It is simply a reflection of the practicalities of the situation.An arbitration clause that deals with disputes which may mature in the future does not usually go into much detail, since it is not known what kind of disputes will come out and how they should best be handled. Indeed, although the parties to a romp may agree to an arbitration clause, they imprecate that there will be no need to invoke it. Usually they throw in a short stylel clause, recommended by an arbitrational institution, as a formality. By contrast, a submission agreement deals with a dispute that has in fact already arisen and so it can be well-kept to fit precisely the component of the case.In admittance to indicating the place of arbitration and the substantive law, it by and large names the arbitrators, sets out the matters in dispute and even, if thought appropriate, provides for exchange of written submissions and different procedure matters. 2. 2ENFORCEMENT OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS Nigerian judicial systems brook got adopted a substantiative set about to the enforcement of arbitration agreements. A review of the decided cases shows a general re cognition by Nigerian philanders of arbitration as a good and valid alternative dispute resolution mechanism. In C. N.ONUSELOGU ENT. LTD. V. AFRIBANK (NIG. ) LTD, the judicatory held that arbitrational proceedings are a appreciate means of resolving disputes and should not be taken lightly by twain counsel and parties. However, there moldiness be an agreement to arbitrate, which is a voluntary submission to arbitration. Where there is an arbitration clause in a squeeze that is the up to(p) matter of Court proceedings and a caller to the Court proceedings promptly shifts the issue of an arbitration clause, the Courts will order a stay of proceedings and refer the parties to arbitration.SECTIONS 6(3) and 21 of the Lagos State Arbitration Law 2009, which empowers the Court to shell out interim orders or reliefs to husband the res or rights of parties pending arbitration. Although the ACA in percentage 13 gives the arbitrational tribunal power to make interim orders of pr eservation before or during arbitral proceedings, it does not expressly confer the power of protective orders on the Court and Section 34 of the ACA limits the Courts power of intervention in arbitration to the express provender of the ACA.The usefulness of section 6(3) of the Lagos State Arbitration Law 2009 is seen when there is an urgent need for interim preservative orders and the arbitral tribunal is yet to be constituted. In this regard, such applications find no direct backing under the ACA and have always been brought under the Rules of Court and under the Courts inherent legal power to grant interim orders. However, in AFRIBANK NIGERIA PLC V HACO, the Court granted interim relief and directed the parties to arbitrate under the provisions of ACA.Upon the publication of the award the parties returned to the Court for its enforcement as judgment of the Court. The Courts in Nigeria are oft inclined to uphold the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of the ACA provided the necessar y conditions are met. A live case in institutionalize is the case of MINAJ SYSTEMS LTD. V. GLOBAL PLUS discourse SYSTEMS LTD. & 5 ORS, in this case, the Claimant instituted a Court action in fracture of the arbitration agreement in the main train and on the Defendants application, the Court granted an order staying proceedings in the interim for 30 years pending arbitration.In NIGER PROGRESS LTD. V. N. E. I. CORP. , the Supreme Court followed section 5 of the ACA which gives the Court the jurisdiction to stay proceedings where there is an arbitration agreement. In the owners of the MV LUPEX V. NIGERIAN oversea CHARTERING & SHIPPING LTD, the Supreme Court held that it was an abuse of the Court process for the answering to institute a fresh meet in Nigeria against the appellant for the same dispute during the pendency of the arbitration proceedings in capital of the United Kingdom. In AKPAJI V.UDEMBA, the Court held that where a defendant fails to raise the issue of an a rbitration clause and rely on same at the proterozoic stage of the proceeding just now takes positive steps in the action, he would be deemed to have waived his right under the arbitration clause. 2. 3THE PARTIES TO AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT The parties to a constringe essential have legal dexterity to fancy into that have, otherwise it is invalid. The position is no different if the contract in interrogatory happens to be an arbitration agreement.The general figure is that any natural or legal person who has the capacity to enter into a valid contract has the capacity to enter into an arbitration agreement. Accordingly, the parties to such agreements include individuals, as well as partnerships, corporations, states and state agencies. If an arbitration agreement is entered into by a troupe who does not have the capacity to do so, (the law where applicable) may be invoked all at the beginning or at the end of the arbitral process. If it is invoked at the eginning of the process, the fellowship requesting for it would ask the competent court to recrudesce the arbitration, on the basis that the arbitration agreement is null and keep off. Where the validity of the arbitration agreement is raised at the end of the arbitration process, the requesting troupe would ask that the competent court to refuse the recognition and enforcement of such an award, on the grounds that one of the parties to the arbitration agreement is under some incapacity under the applicable law. 3. 0MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ARBITRATION ACT a) The Arbitration Clause The Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA) CAP.A18 2004 mandates that all arbitration agreements must be in writing and signed by the parties, in an exchange of letters, telex, telegram or other means of communication or point of claim or defence. In Nigeria, arbitration clauses are irrevocable except by the leave of court or mutual agreement of parties. Even where parties had no prior agreement, with a submission agr eement, parties may still submit to arbitration b) Subject-matter Arbitrability The ACA does not stipulate any particular subject matter that may not be referred to arbitration.The question of whether or not a dispute is arbitrable has therefore been left wing at the discretion of the Courts. In ARAB state V. OGUNWALE(2002) 9 NWLR (PART 771) 127,the Court of Appeal held that the mental test for determining whether a dispute is arbitrable or not is that the dispute or difference must necessarily arise from the clause contained in the agreement. However not all disputes are necessarily arbitrable c) Binding Nature The ACA5 provides that every arbitration award in Nigeria shall be cover song on the parties.This is to preclude a fidgety party from preventing a masteryful party from enjoying the fruits of his judgment. d) Number of Arbitrators In Nigeria, the exit of arbitrators is either one or three. The parties to an arbitration agreement may set apart their preferred number of arbitrators to be appointed under the agreement, but where no such determination is do, the number of arbitrators shall be deemed to be three. e) Challenge of an arbitrator Parties may determine the procedure to be followed in challenging an arbitrator. Where no such procedure is determined a party who intends to challenge an arbitrator shall, within ifteen age of becoming conscious of the constitution of the arbitral judicature or becoming aware of any of the grounds, send to the arbitral motor inn a written statement of the reasons for the challenge. f) protective Orders The provisions of the ACA cloths the members of a Tribunal with the needful powers to grant preservative orders during an arbitration reference. These orders tho do not include granting injunctions and so on The Act provides that in such circumstance, the Tribunal can remit that portion of the reference to a proper court for the grant of such injunctive relief. ) Language to be use in Arbitral proceedi ngs In Nigeria, the parties may, by agreement determine the quarrel or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings. But where they do not do so, the arbitral Tribunal shall determine the language to be used front in mind the relevant circumstances of the case. h) Legal Representation In Nigeria, the parties to an arbitral proceeding may appear for themselves or be represented or aided by a legal practitioner of their choice. i) The mete out An Award may be interim, interlocutory, or final. Any award made in Nigeria must adhere to the chase * It must be in writing It must be signed by all the arbitrators (if they are more than one) * It must be delivered with a reason (except where parties agree otherwise) * The place where the Award was made must be stated on the award. j) The enforcement of an Award An arbitral award shall, irrespective of the domain in which it is made, be recognised as binding on the parties. This is made contingent by the Foreign Judgments (Reciproc al Enforcements) Act, Cap 152, Laws of the coalition of Nigeria 2004, which makes foreign arbitral awards registerable in Nigerian Courts if at the date of registration it could be enforced by execution in Nigeria. . 1THE DOCTRINE SEPARABILITY It is also known as the article of faith or principle of indecorum or independence of the arbitration clause. Separability means the arbitrability clause in a contract is considered to be scatter from the main contract of which it forms part and as such, survives the termination of that contract. It illustrious to mention that arbitration agreement can be in form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in a separate agreement addressing disputes that have already arisen.The principle of separability is most relevant to arbitration clause in a contract an fundamental contract. At the outset it must be recognised that this doctrine is inextricably cerebrate with the doctrine of kompetence-kompetence which empowers the arbitrator to deci de his own jurisdiction in the first instance. small-arm kompetence-kompetence empowers the arbitration tribunal to decide on its own jurisdiction, the doctrine of separability affects the outcome of this decision.The doctrine of separability is provided for under Section 12(2) of ACA For purposes of subsection (1) of this section, an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract and a decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void shall not entail ipso jure the validity of the arbitration clause. For arbitral tribunals whose seat is in Nigeria (including under domestic arbitration) the point of reference of this doctrine is article 12(2) of ACA quoted above which is a mandatory provision.Parties cannot therefore as a matter of contract, smirch from this provision and agree otherwise. Finally, separability thus ensures that if, for typesetters case one party claims that ther e has been a total breach of contract by the other, the contract is not destroyed for all purposes. Instead It survives for the purpose of measuring the claims arising out of the breach, and the arbitration clause survives for determining the mode of their settlement. The purposes of the contract have failed, but the arbitration clause is not one of the purposes of the contract. 4. 0DATA AND METHODIn bid to gather information for this study, the secondary source of data collection was utilized, which includes journals, textbooks and other relevant document from the internet (web sites and e-library). 5. 0CONCLUSION The importance of the arbitration agreement is imperative and vital to the success of an arbitration proceeding. The arbitration agreement represents the wishes of the parties to submit future dispute to arbitration plot of land submission clause attends to disputes that have already arisen. REFERENCES ACA. (2004). Arbitration and Concilation Act CAP A8, Laws of the c onspiracy of Nigeria (LFN) .Nigeria. National Open University. (n. d. ). Alternative Disput resolution II. Retrieved 02 23, 2013, from www. noun. edu. ng Oyegbile, S. O. (2000). An Introduction to Arbitration and Conciliation. Minna Jameson in writing(p) Publishers. Tolulope, A. (2012). Arbitration in the Emerging Markets. The internationalistic Charmber of Commerce Clyde & Co. Conference (pp. 2-4). London Aron. Udechukwu, C. E. (2008). Professional Practice for Real kingdom Professionals. Lagos Treem Nigeria Limited. Wikipedia. (2013). Web Encylopedia. Retrieved 02 14, 2013, from www. wikipedia. com http//www. wikipedia. com

'Living in a dynamic earth Essay\r'

'Evolving from missing link hunting lodge to the advanced elegance nowadays, lot start to inhabit in slushy concrete jungle and live out-of-the-way(prenominal) away from the given essential surround. With hearty progression and sparing attains, peoples’ crave for natural resources keeps escalating from judgment of conviction to time. People have a bully t finaleency to consume resources solely the same ignore the long-term behavioral consequences that atomic number 18 destined to cycle back lastly. The importee of sustainability is mostly overlooked. The book ‘military personnel lore and Human History 101’ considers the artificial satellite and kinditys as a intact system and tells the story in an teachingal scientific way.\r\nThe book contains four main topics. for the offshoot time introduce the governance narrative of the serviceman beings and facts some in congenial parts and fates of the dry land to provide readers a good patt ern and basis of the planet. aft(prenominal)wards, it gradu eachy explores the fact that humane generation development and exploitation be bang-uply heady by the changes on the solid ground, for instance, the uncontrollable natural catastrophe-vol lowlifeo eruption. Hence it evaluates the resulting impacts and relationships betwixt human development and the earth as a circulating ecosystem.\r\nThe starting line chapter starts with the exploration of the biography and facts of atmosphere, oceans and rivers. An introduction of the atmosphere man and trustworthy scenarios of greenhouse act and ozone depletion set off off the chapter. The sun gives life to the existence. It provides a primary vigor source to the mankind. solar energy of the sun breeds and sustains the alive things. Temperature on the basis simply controls climates and determines changes on the life-time environment and consequently triggers alterations in human behaviors, which realizes human his tory through centuries. This chapter specifically links the variation of solar shaft to the changes on arise of the Earth and history of mankind. The aforementioned changes in solar beam argon explained by long-term cycles. (Chapter 1, P.5) With obtaining the trap gas of carbon dioxide in deoxyephedrine to determine the entropy about the changes in atmospheric temperature, in which a 100,000 eld of slow cooling in glacial period of times and 20,000 years of quick melt in interglacial periods faeces be investigated.\r\n modality changes take a crap varied periods and with the start and destination of different periods generate out-of-town consequences hence equal and shift financial support of human. From the long history of 1,5000 years ago, change magnitude temperature take to the resolve of water and terminated the last fruitcake Age. With the end of last Ice Age, ternary main consequences †topographic effects of deglaciation, peopling effect of the Ame ricas and the possibility of the occurrence of biblical gourmandize in the swart Sea occur. (Chapter 1, P.15) These terce effects come on mold the surface of the Earth with the junctions of rivers, separation of the Earth continents and blowup of sea ara. Firstly, ‘topographic effects of deglaciation’ discusses the fleshly license of glaciation on land and rapid sea level rise. The melting of grump uncovered the land and exposed a lot(prenominal) of the topography of North America and northern Europe. Secondly, ‘peopling of the Americas’ confers the mood of very different evolution patterns amongst South and North Americas using examples of primates, hominins and universe sapiens. The circumstance was leaded by the isolation of North America by the first step of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.\r\nThirdly, ‘Flooding of the Black Sea’ tells that the Black sea was one time isolated, and by connecting the Black Sea with another( prenominal) beingness’s ocean by melting ice, the busiest waterway in the human being that affects people’s stockation routes and preferences is created. consequently from the shorter history of past 2000 years, the time is divide into five periods with obvious evidence of the see of climates to human behavior and history. (Chapter 1, P.17) For example, in the subaltern Ice Age, a decrease in nutriment achievement and rise in aliment prices due to a refrigerant climate spurred the emigration of people and eventually the high food process leaded the French Revolution. It is evident that although it seems irrelevant, when viewing the human history and climates together, we can find extensive and direct relationship that can by no doer be overlooked.\r\nClimate changes human behaviors and builds history. afterward explaining the link duration betwixt climate and human activities, global warming is discussed as a non-stop phenomenon that keeps influencing us . After show up evidence of global warming, it is, however, stated that the rapid increases of the amount of greenhouse gases is mainly caused by human activity and social progression. For instance, in the 1700s, the industrial revolution started up the human economic production fuelled by char; after that, the development of car (an industrial production) speeded up the utilization of oil curiously in developed countries. Volcanoes, oceans and rivers activities and influences argon explored to end the chapter. (Chapter 1, P.25) This chapter provides history of the Earth and human, which explains the rational hobo climates and human activities and further notice us the possibility of influences to us in the future.\r\nAfter the comprehensive explanation of the relationship of solar radiation to the atmospheric elements, formation of the Earth surface and eventually links to human development, chapter two proceeds to description of the solid architectonic parts and its tectonic processes, hence explores its influence and relationship to human kind. ‘ plate tectonics’ is the deformation of the earth’s surface. In the beginning chapter two provides basic information of the structure and composition of the Earth and the linguistic rule of ‘Isostasy’. (Chapter 2, P.53) From the center of the Earth, it consisted of a core, a chimneypiece and a crust. With the heat constantly generates from the midland of the Earth, the crust is at the same time in motion. These affects the crust which is the surface of the Earth where human habitat and creates a series of tectonic processes that we human being considered as catastrophes. ‘Isostasy’ is indeed referred to the apprehension that all heyday son the Earth atomic number 18 determined and controlled by the thickness and density of the central crust and know as ‘ pertain standing’.\r\nFollowing is the password of the cuticle tectonics, which foremos t explains the heat generates from the Earth by radioactive decay and this source is vehement enough to prevent shrinking and to bait tectonic processes. The chapter further remarks on the structures and processes of the driving of arguments using the c at a timepts of continental d recess, hot spot, and plates. (Chapter 2, P.61) After all the fundamental information therefore comes to the influences of tectonic processes include Volcanism, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Living in breaks and Living on runty islands. The supra five processes are discussed from its formation reasons to its impacts on humans habitat and explains with examples of the according changes in mankind behaviors and history. Firstly, in volcanoes eruption, molten rocks known as ‘magma’ is introduced and categorized into ‘intrusive rock’ and ‘extrusive rocks’. (Chapter 2, P.67) Three historically key eruptions are described. The violent explosion of Santorini in 1640 B.C. which has a great possibility of starring(p) to the remarkable replacement of Minoan shade by the Mycenaeans.\r\nThe other two are explosion of glowing cloud, one is from the spate Vesuvius and the other is the Mount Pelee. In the later(prenominal) eruption, a glowing cloud nearly 500 meters high crashed in St.Pierre which burned-over and covered the whole town and killed virtually 25,000 people. Secondly, earthquakes occur when faults slip in a sudden. The highest magnitude of earthquake that is ever thrifty is 9.5 in Chile on 22th of whitethorn in 1960. Possible influences of earthquakes are discussed by examples at Mayan Quirigua, Israeli site of Armagedon and San Francisco. Earthquakes can be as severe as to destruct all of the vivacious nuance in Maya empire. However, human can withal learn from time to time to encourage ourselves by obtaining knowledge of building in earthquake-prone areas. (Chapter 2, P.73) Thirdly, tsunami is a gigantic system of waves in ocean b asins that is resulted from sudden displacement of ocean surfaces.\r\nMostly, tsunami is a consequence of underwater earthquakes and the examples of Indian Ocean and La Palma are then illustrated. In the monumental tsunami of Indian Ocean, more(prenominal) than 200,000 deaths were caused directly and long-term social facilities and industries destructions, for instances, buildings, roadstead and tourism industry, were created. Fourthly, people living in rifts because those low valleys contain a great amount of resources in terms of water, food and fertile soils for living. Examples of East African rift system and Hawaii are mentioned to further illustrate the abundant resources in rift valleys. (Chapter 2, P.83) Last, the chapter ends with describing people living on thousands of small islands like Hawaii and Midway which are almost isolated from the rest of the earthly concern geographically but play meaningful role of intermediate stops of confabulation channel route.\r\nWit h the basis of the atmospheric element and tectonic planet surface mentioned in the first two chapters, chapter three continues with the introduction of the cable of human and continents. The controversy of emergence of human kind from creationism or evolution is evaluated and the argumentation of existing continents is discussed with evidence. Generally, creationism represents the belief that creatures are created by Genesis 1 in the 6-day period when God made the Earth. Creationists think the concept of evolution can be compatible with creations in the biblical stories. Every living thing in the world are made by God respectively and every word in the playscript is undoubtedly true. (Chapter 3, P.90) While theory of evolution tells the existing creatures are evolved from ancient living things in the process of natural selection. Evolutionist rejects independent beings and thinks that living objects in the universe all undergoes physical processes of changing. French anatomis t George Cuvier proposed the fancy that the Earth had undergone several times of huge liquidation and recreation of new organisms throughout times.\r\nIf the existing organisms are receptive of adapting to their environment, it survives; if it does not, it simply varies or perishes. With the continuous variation of creatures to adapt to the environment and prevent from dying produces the form of existing creatures nowadays. The controversy of creationism and evolution continued sternly through the 20th century. The trial of potty Scopes in Dayton in 1925 is mentioned to show the ingrained conflicts. (Chapter 3, P.94) The sequence of events that influenced the Earth is also discussed with the manner of ‘law of superposition’ to distinguish the age of substances.\r\nSuch method can to certain extent prove the history of supercontinents. Continents hold long history of the Earth and the discussion of continents is separated into two parts of continents formation a nd history of supercontinents. Two of the supercontinents are Gondwana and Pangea. decision similar fossil in different countries or areas proved they might once be a whole consummate(a) landmass. (Chapter 3, P.111) Concerning Gondwana as an example, similar fossils are ready in Australia, India, South Africa and South America. Also, glaciation evidence is found in the above areas to show its unity in the past.\r\nFinishing all the discussion of the formation and development of the Earth and human kind, the last chapter reveals the relationship betwixt the Earth resources, human motifs, behaviors and the environment influences and sustainability. ‘Sustainability’ means human’s patterns of living and workings which are able to continue for the foreseeable future of humankind and, not cause series destruction or persecute to any member or component in the ecosystem. (Chapter 4, P.120) This chapter breaks up the energy resources function and environmental co nsequences into five tantrums of introduction to energy resources, mineral and rock resources, food resources, impudent water resources and wireless communication and the Internet. In the category of energy resources, information about world energy information is first given. It is shown that energy consumption of United States is increasing from year to year.\r\nAlso, the United State that possesses 5 percent of worlds macrocosm, consumes 25 percent of world energy production. While poor countries scarcely consume low rate of energy. An instability energy use is to a spectacular extent shown. (Chapter 4, P.123) Then energy resources formation, production and consumption and history of use of different resources are described regarding fossil fuel, thermonuclear energy, renewable resources and rock and mineral resources. To the aspect of food resources, nutritional requirements are discussed with a comparison and contrast of the calories consumption of alter countries and po or countries. Origin and characteristics of different sources of food for example Beans, wheat and fruit are mentioned afterwards. (Chapter 4, P.150) Thomas Robert Malthus produced an essay in 1798 introducing the mark of population increasing exponentially which presented the scenario that world population kept escalating.\r\nYet, while population increases the world is still not capable of feeding everybody although there are push-down list of food. Food distribution is not even. This smear supports the doctrine of ‘survival of the fittest’, similar to the idea of natural selection in extinction and evolution. (Chapter 4, P.154) A development of silk road and distant modern communication internet and methods are then mentioned. From the further transportation of vaulting horse riding to steam engines, from land transport to ocean transport, there was a great advance in human society connection. Also with the invention and breakthrough of communication gadgets time to time, from electricity generators to telephone and to radio, information can be disseminate much easier. (Chapter 4, P.157) It is, however, worth to meditate that how those technology can be correctly used to benefit human beings.\r\nTo sum up, by providing scientific information and evidence of the formation and changes of the Earth and human kind, this book tells the story amid the Earth and people. While human civilization proceeds and enters the era of rapid economic activities, energy consumption keeps escalating for the productivity and need of human. It is, yet, remarkable that all of the energy sources create certain amount of problems to the Earth and environment. As a closed ecosystem, addressing sustainability is of utmost significant to human beings future life. At the end gives audience the message of its correlationship in rank to highlight the importance of obtaining sustainability to human and our habitat, the Earth.\r\n advert list:\r\nRogers, J. W. & Tuck er, T. (2008). _Earth Science and Human History\r\n101._United States of America: Greenwood Press.\r\n'

'Explore F.Scotts Fitzgeralds presentation of class and wealth in The Great Gatsby and The Diamond as Big as the Ritz\r'

'Wealth and kind associate permeate ofttimes of F. Scott Fitzgeralds ‘The coarse Gatsby and ‘The baseball field as proud-risk as the Ritz. train during the roaring twenties when many slew had newly accumulated mysteriouses afterward the war, both(prenominal) texts seek to explore and blackguard the complexities of richesiness and friendly club. They particularly centering on how far flock whitethorn go to fit into a social break up or protect their fortune. condescension ‘The baseball diamond as gargantuan as the Ritz cosmos set in spite of appearance the head game genre, elements of Fitzgeralds own bearing run as undercurrents without both texts.\r\nFitzgeralds life features severely in the texts, be it finished the pictorial matter of Nick and Gatsby or the underlying references to his own(prenominal) experiences. The experiences of the main protagonists form parallels with Fitzgeralds interactions with the soaked, both at Prince ton and immense Neck and in his descent with Zelda. ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz satirises the exuberant riches experienced by Fitzgerald when visiting a Princeton classmate. ‘The Great Gatsby on the other hand, is to a greater extent reliant on aspects of Fitzgeralds own life which forms the emotional foundation of the novel.\r\nGatsbys relationship with Daisy mirrors Fitzgeralds turbulent relationship with Zelda who much like Daisy, was regarded as being fantastically worldlyistic. Gatsby keister therefore be seen as a seeing Fitzgeralds prosecution of sufficient wealth to support an grim love interest. He does this to the detriment of his artistic integrity which he compromised by writing short stories to stock certificate Zeldas opulent life-style. This is mirrored by Gatsby conciliatory his integrity and private worth by bootlegging and lying about being the ‘son of some wealthy mess in the Middle- westward, in order to satisfy Daisy and hopef ully gain acceptance.\r\nHe fails in both these beas. In integrating elements of his personal life, Fitzgerald may be implying that loving mortal of a different social class comes with compromises and that one may lose surge of who they atomic number 18 in the process. ‘The Great Gatsby by virtue of its representations of wealth and class quite a little be seen as a zip criticism of the American breathing in and Americas compulsion with wealth amidst the hedonistic culture of the 1920s. The American Dream had originally been founded on the thought that anyone, irrespective of their background could achieve anything in the ‘land of opportunity if they manoeuvered hard enough.\r\nFitzgerald however, believed that the American Dream was just an ‘illusion and that it had been corrupted by the of pursuit wealth. He consistently challenged the idea of the attainability of the American Dream in ‘The Great Gatsby. The geographic motifs of eastmost and W est clod embody just how unachievable the American Dream is. This geographical separation may symbolise the hypothetical and literal cleaves betwixt the nouveau riche who reside in West addict and aristocrats of atomic number 99 egg, hence high spoting how they result forever lead separate existences.\r\nThis gives the thought of the American Dream being highly flawed, as having acquired striking wealth does not translate into acceptance for the people of West bullock block, who are seen as the social subordinates of the aristocrats of East freak. This is advertize established by the demeanor of the guests at Gatsbys party. The people of West Egg lack the refinement, grace and manners of their dispirited counterparts for whom these traits form the rudiments of their social class. This consequently demonstrates how East and West Egg are separated by more than geographical distance barely alike by simple things such as social etiquette and fashion choices.\r\nJordans party (who consist of pest East Eggers) are ‘spread almost a table on the foreign of the garden ‘carefully on guard, emphasising that even within the intimate confines of the party the divide is still apparent and the people of East Egg are reluctant to mix. The decadency of the American Dream is further explored through the main protagonists initial amazement and enthrall (early on in the text) at the great wealth they encounter. Fitzgerald employs a myriad of symbolisms, metaphors and similes to draw the sheer luxury and over ebullience of the aristocrats within both texts.\r\nThrough these devices he is able to satirise the textileistic creation the aristocrats inhabit, making it appear outlandish. In ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz toilette Unger, a boy from Hades with ‘ hardscrabble standards of living is ‘amused and delighted, by the luxurious lifestyle Percy and his family lead. When he arrives with Percy they are driven in what Percy dismissively calls a ‘buggy. However, the reader can understand from Johns reaction at the ‘thousand spot tapestries of silk, woven with jewels that the vehicle is far from an mature buggy.\r\nIn this instance Johns amazement may suck been employed to problem Percys dismissive attitude towards wealth as he refers to the luxurious car as ‘ middle-aged junk. Fitzgerald may have used this paradox highlight the hollow constitution of the wealthy, whose lives are fueled by consumerism to the extent that they direct little value to the possessions everyone else would deem as extraordinary. In ‘The Great Gatsby, Nick is also amazed by the wealth he experiences at the Buchanan home. His first interaction with Daisy and Jordon has a daydream like quality to it.\r\nWhen he meets the women they are attired in white, ‘their dresses cockle and fluttering … a short evasion around the house this gives the women an angelic quality which hints at how N ick is initially drawn in by their great wealth. This surreal and dream like quality of wealth is also reflected in ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz with the depiction of the girl who is dressed like ‘Titania. In the play, A midsummer Nights Dream, Titania is the queen of the fairies which Fitzgerald may have used to allude to the magical and orphic qualities of wealth present within both texts.\r\nConversely, the amazement the main protagonists initially showcased in brief dissipates when they discover the corruptive nature of wealth and the wealthy. Despite the people of East Egg possessing an abundance of grace, elegance and taste (that comes with adhering to the norms of aristocratic society) they lack compassion. The East Eggers are presented as little more than bullies who use their currency to alleviate any concerns they have, irrespective of who they loss in the process.\r\nThis morally corrupt nature of the rich is explored through the Buchanans in ‘Th e Great Gatsby and the Washingtons in ‘The Diamond as Big as the Ritz. The Buchanans are presented as ‘ sloppy people who ‘smash[ed] things up only to retreat back into ‘their extensive carelessness. Their lack of moral fiber is further emphasised when instead of attending Gatsbys funeral they question into a house far away. Fitzgerald may have used the Buchanans as a moral didactic for the readers to illustrate how wealth can corrupt when one allows themself to bring to pass consumed by it.\r\nOn the other hand, it could represent the unfair nature of capitalistic societies whereby the wealthy upper-class can afford to assume for peace of mind. This conflicts with Gatsby whom despite accumulating his wealth through criminality is kind and loving, keeping gather in outside Daisys window to insure tomcat does not hurt her, consequently illustrating that wealth alone does not corrupt but when coupled with high social circumstance it can have disastrous effects. Moreover, in both texts religion (which is supposed to tone ones moral compass) has been replaced by consumerism.\r\nAtrocious things are carried out in the name of wealth in the texts, including murder and imprisonment. These things are compose off as a raw(a) pre-requisite of success and expansion. Here Fitzgerald argues that wealth can be its own prison egregious its pursuers, dehumanizing them to the extent that they devalue human life and assume that everyone can be bought. Fitzgerald satirizes the erroneous nature of the rich when Mr. Washington tries ‘ religious offering a bribe to God with a part immersed in ‘inextinguishable pride.\r\nRoss Posnock, a red ink writer, praised Fitzgerald in his essay ‘A clean World, Material Without Being real for his presentation of the capitalist society in ‘The Great Gatsby1. Posnock believed that Fitzgerald had captured the capitalist societys obsession with material wealth and how it leads to people being regarded as little more than object that can be acquired on with capital in order to get ahead ones social status. Gatsbys vast wardrobe is a ‘heavy defensive wall consisting of ‘thick silk and ‘ pricy dye which support the redness view of material possessions providing a barrier against hardship which the rich can hide behind.\r\nFor Gatsby, and many others, material possessions help to protect their status in the same way the ‘invisible cloak of Gatsbys forces uniform had hidden his lower class status when he first met Daisy. In general, the ban portrayal of consumerism in his work has made him very popular with Marxist writers. In conclusion, Fitzgerald uses ‘The Great Gatsby and ‘The Diamond as Big as Ritz to highlight the negative elements of wealth and class, whilst particularly emphasising that class roles go forth never be crossed.\r\nBoth texts highlight the potential hazards of capitalist societies when one becomes consumed by materialism, placing greater importance on monetary fortune and status than the consequences of their actions. Although Fitzgerald presents both wealth and class in negative lights he reminds the reader that wealth alone does not give way to moral depravation hinting that it is wealth in conjunction with high social class that leads to the decaying of ones moral compass.\r\n'

'Religion in History\r'

' Hebraical spectral touch sensations differed from the beliefs of opposite great deal in the ancient nitty-gritty East. â€Å"Of all in all the ancient civilizations, it was the Hebrews who exerted perhaps the superior influence on western sandwich ball club as well as the western intellectual tradition” (â€Å"Hebrew). The Hebrews first appeared in Mesopotamia and then migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and then into Egypt and top to Canaan. The Hebrew people were different. For them, there was al whizz one graven image, Yahweh. This was a fundamental battle between the Hebrews and their neighbors in the ancient affectionateness East.The Egyptians, Babylonians, and others did not worship Yahweh. Not causal agent but Revelation was the cornerstone of the Hebrew faith” (â€Å"Religion”). Yahweh was the focus of Hebrew feel; therefore, the Hebrews would give no plaudit to royalty. Moses received the Ten Commandments as guidelines for the Hebrews. The forgetful, children, and purify were all protected and rich and poor were to be treated under the homogeneous laws. Personal property was not or so important and did not define a person for the first time.Hebrews felt that Yahweh was ordinary; however their neighbors felt different somewhat their Gods. â€Å"The ancient lands of Canaan, Israel, and Judah were overrun at heterogeneous times. The peoples who ruled them brought with hem their own gods and religious practices. Wherever they went, the Hebrews kept their customs and their belief” (â€Å"Hebrew”). The Iranians were settled in the orbit long before the Hebrews. â€Å"The Persians had two gods, Ahura Mazda, who created all the life-threatening things in the domain, and Ahriman, who created all the enceinte things in the world.These two gods were at war all the time. Their struggle kept the world in a delicate balance. If one god gained the upper hand, then more(prenominal) of his influence wo uld be felt” (â€Å" put”). The Phoenicians also believed in gods that were responsible for split of nature, such as rain and wind. Baal, the tempest god, was the second most important Phoenician god, behind El, the chief god” (â€Å" shopping center”). The Phoenicians also believed in a life aft(prenominal) death, as did their neighbors the Egyptians.Both embalmed their dead and intent them in linen; the Phoenicians placed the bodies in stone coffins in hillside cemeteries It was believed that people could decide which god they wanted to follow. â€Å"Those who followed Ahura Mazda, the god of right, did good deeds bid keeping their word, big(p) to the poor, treating other people well, and obeying the king. Those who followed Ahriman did bad things, like lying, cheating, being lazy, and being reedy (â€Å"Middle”). In the end, Ahura Mazda would triumph and good would win. People who back up this god would enjoy happiness after death.Those w ho supported Ahriman would be punished for that support. â€Å"This religion, afterward called Zoroastrianism, was the religion practiced throughout the Persian Empire when Alexander the Great conquered it in 330” (â€Å"Middle”). With his influence, Alexander brought the religion of the Greeks. Sumerians and Hebrews had umteen similarities and differences in their beliefs. They both give high regard to the Gods. Gods have the most occasion and drive out bring ood fortune, good harvest, good health, and good life. On the other hand, the Gods can take all these goods back and incur death, sickness, and plague.Sumerians and religious beliefs of the Hebrews from the belief systems of Egypt or Mesopotamia was distinctly their monotheism. This monotheism made possible for a crude awareness of the individual. Man had the capa urban center to adopt between good and evil. Sumerians practice polytheism; in fact, they think of the Gods as human. Eastern polytheism app ly images to represent their gods and goddesses. The Sumerians believed that the forces of nature were alive. The people couldnt swan these forces of nature, so they worshipped them as gods.The people also believed that they were living on nation only to please the gods. â€Å"The Sumerian gods include Anu, the ruler of the gods; Enki, the god of earth; and Enlil, the god of the air, who separated heaven and earth. Enlil it was also who gave the Sumerians their association of farming” (Hebrew). Each Sumerian city also had its own god. The focus of the city was the ziggurat, a large temple, which was the home of that citys god. The priests who worked in the ziggurats were the only ones who knew the will of the gods, so hey were real powerful.\r\n'

'Social, economic and cultural factors\r'

'Describe the social, economic and cultural f moveors that pass on equal on the sees of Thither be many social, economic and cultural factors that provide impact on the hold ups of the kidskinren and new-fashioned population that we whitethorn lock with. Personal option †Some families decide that they do not wish to live or act in a track in which is viewed from the outside the ‘ social norm for exemplar organism a travelling family or a youngster having same g dismissers p atomic number 18nts.If a Child is from a travelling family here is a possibility that their develop manpowert at inform whitethorn be retard due to being transferred from tame to drill. Children similarly make personal choices. The choices they make butt joint wear a signifi shagt impact on their vivification and development. If baby birdren dont bring on adjudge from safekeepingrs they wont have rules set and whitethorn be fit to do what they indispensability ofttimes( prenominal) as drugs, smoking and drinking. This go out enormously impact on their life.Children need to be encouraged or be given up guidance on their life, it is truly chief(prenominal) for children to have good role models in their life Poverty †People atomic number 18 poor for many reasons, it could be stamp out to drug and alcohol ependency, family breakdown, poor p benting, or a culture of worklessness. Growing up in distress means being cold, going hungry, not being able to Join in activities with start upners or being able to afford after school clubs etcetera Families quick in poverty are almost twice as in alone likelihood to live in unspeakable hold which has signifi seatt exercises on both their strong-arm and mental health, as well as educational achievement.Families that live in poverty are much likely to suffer mental and physical problems. Housing and community †Children that live in Overcrowded, miserable quality and poor housing situat ions, i. e. thats damp, has mould and/or infested give the bounce have a negative impact on a child or fresh persons development but especially their health. Children living in these conditions are more likely to have respiratory problems, to be at risk of infections, and have mental health problems.Living in these conditions also moves a childs aptitude to learn, which suffer have a pertinacious impact on a childs chances of bring hearthstone the bacon in life. â€Å"Poor housing conditions summation the risk of severe ill-health or handicap by up to 25% during puerility and early adulthood. ” (Shelter leaflet) In areas where children and young battalion are xposed to challenging and anti-social behavior, this too shadow have a negative effect themselves to keep themselves a focussing from the challenging and anti-social behaviour, this discharge affect social development.Some families that dis crook anger or challenging anti-social behaviour, may end up wit h their children being taken into care or going into prison. Educational environs †A non-regulated educational facility may create an environment for a child that does not meet a childs needs, and then stunting a childs developmental potential. Having an sweet environment will make a child want to ork. If an environment is vary and boring a child wont want to learn and will lose interest.Health consideration †Children that are unwell may decease a plenteousness of time in infirmary or attending hospital appointments, this will have an impact on the childs development be practise they miss school or pre-school, this can affect education on all aspects of development much(prenominal) as ruttish and social aspects, making friendships etc. Having asthma may mean you cant play outside for as long as other children- meaning you may be picked on for being ‘lazy. being on medication can make you dawdling and so ffect on your school work and concentration.Having time off school can also affect their social skills as they arent go pasting much time close to children their own age. There are whatever older children that look after parents that are ill, this is a huge impact on the young person social life and a lot of responsibility at such a young age. handicap †if there is a parent or a child in the family that has a disability, this could affect the family especially if the child is utilise as a carer for their parents.In some cases sculptural relief care may be require for families with family instalments that are disabled nd this can cause family disruptions and disparity in a young persons care especially if the falling out care is for overnight visits away from home. Whilst a child or family member is receiving deliver for a health issue this could maybe affect continuity of care, education, development and income. Addictions †Children that live with adults that are addicts may be relied upon by the adults at tim es to be their principal(prenominal) carer.At times these young people may feel isolated and unable to tell apart people what they are experiencing at home, they may experience stressful situations and may be living in the poverty that the adults that are upposed to be caring for them have caused. In some situation where a young child is suffering abuse or neglect they would be taken into care. blow and loss †If a family loses a member of the family or a close friend this could affect the mental and in flex physical health of a family.Adults that have lost their partners may find the emotional strain severe to cope with and may then find it more difficult to care for other children in the family. Family expectations and rise †legion(predicate) parents have unalike parenting styles and can offer different levels of support to their children. Many of these parenting styles tend to vary between different cultures. If a child is subject to inconsistency and a lack of su pport this in turn could lead to a child suffering low support their children they can have low confidence and low self-esteem and sometimes a change in behaviour, seeking for attention.When too much pressure is put on soulfulness to do well this can run in them getting stressed and shitless of failure. Families may have troth between parents and children. This will impact on their lives as they have to spend a lot of time around family and if they dont like them it will be hard. With divorced families, children may spend time travelling between parents and so dont have time to concentrate on their school work. The parent they live with may also take out all their stress on the child.If a parents has died the child may feel very deject and not concentrate on their school work. Religious beliefs and customs †Has the potential to fix many aspects of development, as it effectuate a childs (and adults) way of thinking, dietary needs, clothing, how often they are taken to obe y their beliefs, which may declaration in them missing out at school, pre-school, clubs etc. A religious way of life can be genic between generations and grandparents maintain a epoch-making influence. Some parents see passing on their faith as an important part of parenting.A religious identity at home can most certainly cause confliction with other pressures on their children, including negative portrayals of organized religion in the media. heathenish beliefs and customs †Ethnic belies and customs can also affect a childs clothing, customs, dietary needs, education and other areas of their lives. Many adolescents from non-English speaking backgrounds face the contest of dealing ith the tasks of adolescence while growing up between two cultures †with not scarcely two languages but often very different behavioral and social expectations.There may be great variation in cultural values and norms regarding the central tasks of adolescence †such as developing a re ason of identity and independence. Young people may have different forms of attire, causing them to be teased or bullied. Their culture may view interaction between men and women in a different way and the young person will difference to recognise what is acceptable at school as it differs to ome. This could cause them to come into conflict with school rules or to be perceive as a trouble maker.Marginalisation and elimination †marginalisation and exclusion can rule for a variety of reasons like, being poor, unemployed, family status, discriminated against, or being disabled by a society that wont work around the problems of impairment; they all bring with them the risk of exclusion. Being excluded from economic, social and political means of promoting ones self-determination can have adverse effects for individuals and communities alike.\r\n'

'Suicide Bombers: Psychopaths or Not?\r'

'Psychopath or non? Are self-destruction bombers untamed? Do you think their way of opinion is sane? At first, the answer anyone would let seems obvious: they must be excited and stomach incorrect thoughts to muff themselves up and kill innocent pot in the process. However, terrorist act experts have proposed several rational motives for their actions. Some political scientists believe that terrorists grade a tactical choice to theatrical role felo-de-se batterys a consumest a stronger resistance. Other experts show that felo-de-se terrorism is part of a â€Å"cycle of humiliation” fueled by a suicide bombers’ desire to accomplish back at those who have mistreated or shamed them.Some psychologists have reason out that suicide bombers be ordinary, everyday passel who argon unlikely to commit violent acts until they identify with and join a terrorist radical which manipulates and pressures them to commit these violent acts. Suicide bombing attack s have become a mechanism of choice among terrorist throngs beca physical exertion of their lethality and ability to cause mayhem and fear. Though depressing, the al intimately daily sassys reports of deaths caused by suicide attacks r arly relieve what motivates the attackers.Between 1981 and 2006, 1200 suicide attacks constituted 4 sh areage of totally terrorist attacks in the universe and killed 14,599 people or 32 percent of all terrorism related deaths. The question is wherefore? Between 1981 and 2006, 1200 suicide attacks constituted 4 percent of all terrorist attacks in the world and killed 14,599 people or 32 percent of all terrorism related deaths. (figure 1) disdain everyone’s stereotype sentiment that suicide bombers â€Å"are both sociopathic and irrational people, galore(postnominal) political scientists believe that or so terrorists are rational people with tactical goals.Evans (a political scientist), for example, argues that terrorism is a dod ging. Those who use it sine qua non to expose their cause, draw the enemy into a costly conflict, and provoke an overreaction that go out make the enemy look unadvisable or evil, get in asserters, and prevent finding the middle ground. Robert Pape also believes that suicide terrorism has an essential strategic logic. It is politics to a greater extent than than religious passion that has led terrorists to blow themselves up.In Roberts view, â€Å"Suicide-terrorist attacks are not encouraged by religion save more as a clear strategic heading: to force modern democracies to remove troops forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. ” charm terrorism can be seen as a rational strategy, feelings of shame and bewilderment may make suicide the tool of choice because they can get their retaliate as well as bonny send away their miserable life, Interviews of failed bombers or bombers-in-training divulge that they are striking back at those w ho humiliated or injured them.On October 4, 2003, 29 year old Palestinian attorney Hanadi Jaradat exploded her suicide belt in the Maxim restaurant in Haifa cleaning 20 people and wounding many another(prenominal) more. According to her family, her suicide mission was in revenge for the killing of her brother and her fiance by the Israeli security forces and in revenge for all the crimes Israel had perpetrated in the western Bank by killing Palestinians and confiscating their lands. The principal(prenominal) motive for many suicide bombings in Israel is revenge for acts committed by Israelis. The bombers want to send a message: their enemies are responsible for their humiliation and ultimately for their death.In kinfolk 2007 when American forces raided an Iraqi insurgent bivouacking in the desert t subsistledge of Singar tight-fitting the Syrian border they discovered biographies of more than seven hundred foreign fighters. The Americans were affect to find that 137 were Libyans and 52 of them were from a footling Libyan town of Darnah. The reason why so many of Darnah’s materialization men had gone to Iraq for suicide missions was not the global jihadi ideology, only when an explosive desegregate of desperation, pride, anger, sense of powerlessness, local usance of resistance and religious fervor.A similar mix of factors is now motivating young Pashtuns to proffer for suicide missions in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Further point that suicide bombers are responding to humiliation is plunge in the 430 recorded biographies of suicide bombers which were conservatively analyzed by terrorist experts Haqqani and Kimmage. Professor Riaz Hassan, power of a forthcoming book on suicide bombing, tells us. For one, the conventional wisdom that bombers are insane or religious fanatics is wrong.Typically, nearly suicide bombers are psychologically prescript and are deeply integrated into social networks and emotionally attached to their nationa l communities. idiosyncratic bombers show no ainity disorders and the attacks themselves are often politically motivated, aimed at achieving particular strategic goals such as forcing concessions or generating greater support. Moreover, the penurys are complex: â€Å"humiliation, revenge, and selflessness” all drive the exclusive to claim in, and the community to overlook, suicide bombing. Indeed, as Hassan notes, articipating in suicide bombing can effect a range of meanings from the â€Å"personal to communal. ” Without discretion these motivations and addressing them, it would appear the governments or boldnesss that seek to end suicide bombings are likely to be disappointed. Humiliation, revenge and altruism play a bring out role at the organisational and soul levels in shaping the sub-culture that promotes suicide bombings. Humiliation is an emotional process that seeks to chequer the target party’s doings by attacking and lowering their own a nd others’ opinions of whether they deserve respect.Revenge is also a reaction to the continuous suffering of an aggrieved community. At the lovingness of the whole process are perceptions of personal harm, unfairness and injustice, and the anger, indignation, and hatred associated with such perceptions. The motivation for jihad is almost alship canal . . . the quandary of the humiliated Muslim nation, victimized by the joint evil forces of kufr (unbelief, embodied by the United States as the enemy bent grass on the destruction of Islam) and tawaghit (tyrants who have garment themselves up, or are propped up, as gods on earth).Although Americans tend to think of suicide bombers as â€Å" man-to-man people taking soul decisions to kill people” says Timothy Spengler, they unremarkably operate as members of amplyly organise terrorist groups. For bombers-in-training, feelings of shame and humiliationâ€even their individual identitiesâ€are replaced by identific ation with the group, as shrink Vamik Volkan explains: â€Å"In normal life, a person who wants to kill themself has low self-esteem. For the suicide bombers it was the oppo orderâ€by killing yourself, you gain self-esteem.These were people with cracks in their personality that could be filled up, as if with cement, with the large group identity. So their individuality was erased. ” Once recruits have identified with a terrorist group, they are willing to do anything asked by the group and pay back extreme risks because they feel invincible. Their individual motives and determine are replaced by the motives and apprises of the terrorist group, and dissension or questioning of the group’s norms is not encouraged.Men attach more value to vengeance than women; and young people are more prepared to act in a vengeful manner than one-time(a) individuals. It is not surprising, then, to find that most suicide bombers are both young and male. The key to understanding s uicide bombers, then, is to understand the organizations and groups that recruit and train them to be the people you know them as. Understanding the terrorist organization’s logic is more important than understanding individual motivations in explaining suicide attacks.Suicide bombings have graduate(prenominal) symbolic value because the willingness of the committers to die signals high resolve and dedication to their cause. They serve as symbols of a just struggle, stimulate universal support, generate financial support for the organization and become a source of new recruits for future suicide missions. As Cronin concludes, â€Å"Although . . . individual suicide attackers . . . are not technically ‘crazy,’ . . . they are often manipulated by the pressures and belief structures of the group”. The causes of suicide bombings lie not in individual psychopathology but in broader social conditions.Understanding and knowledge of these conditions is life-sus taining for developing appropriate public policies and responses to shelter the public. Suicide bombings are carried out by motivated individuals associated with community based organizations. Strategies aimed at finding ways to induce communities to evacuate such support would curtail support for terrorist organizations. Strategies for eliminating or at least addressing bodied grievances in concrete and effective ways would have a significant, and, in many cases, immediate impact on embossment the conditions that nurture the subcultures of suicide bombings.Support for suicide bombing attacks is unlikely to diminish without tangible proficiency in achieving at least any(prenominal) of the fundamental goals that suicide bombers and those sponsoring and supporting them share. The most important choice a suicide attacker makes is not when to press the trigger, but whether or not to join a terrorist group. (figure 2) Figure1 [pic] Figure 2 References Altman, N. (2005, March/April) . On the psychology of suicide bombing. Tikkun, 20(2). Retrieved November 20 2012, from donnish Search elite group database. Atran, S. (2004, Summer).Mishandling suicide terrorism. The cap Quarterly, 27(3), 67â€90. Retrieved November 20 from the Center for strategical and International Studies weathervane site: www. twq. com/04summer/docs/04summer_atran. pdf Cronin, A. K. (2003, exalted 28). Terrorists and suicide attacks. CRS Report RL32058. Washington, D. C. : Congressional query Service. Retrieved November 21, 2012, from Federation of American Scientists Web site: www. fas. org/irp/crs/RL32058. pdf Evans, E. (2005, Spring). The mind of a terrorist: How terrorists see strategy and morality.World Affairs, 167(4), 175â€179. Haqqani, H. , & Kimmage, D. (2005, October 3). Suicidology: The online bios of Iraq’s â€Å"martyrs. ” New Republic, 233(14), 14â€16. Retrieved November 21 2012, from Academic Search Elite database. Hudson, R. A. (1999, September ) The sociology and psychology of terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why? Retrieved November 22 2012, from Library of Congress Web site: http://www. loc. gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Soc_Psych_of_Terrorism. pdf McConnell, S. (2005, July 18). The logic of suicide terrorism [interview with Robert Pape]. The American Conservative.Retrieved November 22 2012, from http://amconmag. com/2005_07_18/article. html Solow, B. (2004, whitethorn 26). The â€Å"patient is regressing”: A distinguished psychiatrist visits the Triangle to lecture on the outlook of the U. S. war on terror. Independent Weekly. Retrieved November 22 2012, from http://www. indyweek. com/durham/2004-05-26/election. html Volkan, V. D. (n. d. ) Suicide bombers. Retrieved November 22 2012, from http://www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/csmhi/suicide-bomber-psychology. pdf ———————†Anthony Leach 11/22/12 D’Amato College writing\r\n'